This is only a preview of the July 2022 issue of Practical Electronics. You can view 0 of the 72 pages in the full issue. Articles in this series:
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Single-Chip Silicon Labs
FM/AM/SW Digital Radio Receiver
By Charles Kosina
The ultimate in FM/AM radio reception technology is the single-chip
solution. All you have to do is connect some antennas to pins on an IC,
send it some serial commands, and stereo audio comes out the other
end. As a result, these Silicon Labs chips make building a capable radio
receiver a doddle. It’s straightforward to set up and use, fits in a compact
case and runs from a simple AC plugpack.
I
was happy with my AM/FM/SW
Receiver design from the December
2021 issue, at least in terms of how
easy it is to build, ease of use and coverage of multiple radio bands. But I
still felt that its overall performance
left a little to be desired. I was also
not happy that I didn’t have enough
information for full digital control of
the BK1198 radio chip.
While that radio design was relatively straightforward as radios go, it
would have been a lot simpler if I could
have gotten the digital control working.
In the last few years, several new
chips have appeared that greatly ease
radio receiver design. Many of these
are from Silicon Labs – the offer about
34 varieties of chips in the Si473x
family, and you can download the
main data sheet from their website:
https://bit.ly/pe-jul22-skyw
They have a similar architecture to
the BK1198 chip I used for the December 2021 design. One major advantage
of the Silicon Labs chips is the documentation; whereas information on the
BK1198 is sparse, to say the least, the
application note for the SiLabs chips
runs to 321 pages! (Check it out at:
https://bit.ly/pe-jul22-sky2).
The board that I have laid out here
is suitable for a prebuilt module with
the Si4730 chip, or a standalone
16
Si4732 chip. Both are available on
AliExpress at quite low prices. The
Si4730 only handles the standard AM
and FM bands, whereas the Si4732
can be programmed to cover longwave
and shortwave. Both can decode FM
stereo. The specifications give the
bands shown below.
But what about the gaps between the
bands? I decided to experiment and set
frequencies in these gaps. And what a
surprise; with the Si4732 chip, I could
select any frequency from 153kHz up
to 30MHz by sending the appropriate
code to the chip. No gaps! Whether
there is anything of interest in the gaps
is another matter.
Thus, I have the AM band
Worldwide FM band support ............64–108MHz
Worldwide AM band support ...........520–1710kHz programmed from 153kHz
to 1730kHz, and the SW
SW band support (Si4734/32/35) ....2.3–26.1MHz
band from 2MHz to 30MHz.
LW band support (Si4734/32/35) .....153–279kHz
Fig.1: the radio’s sensitivity across a widened AM band, from 153kHz to
1.7MHz. Except for a dip around 445-455kHz (typical intermediate frequencies),
the result is pretty flat. Across the standard AM broadcast band of 550-1720kHz,
there is only about 4dB variation.
Practical Electronics | July | 2022
These two photos show that the topside
of the PCB for the Si4730-based version (top) of this
project is barely different from the Si4732 version (bottom). Ignore
the additional screws/nuts as those are just for mounting the screen.
Performance
On the FM band, a short piece of wire
inside the box will bring in most of my
local (Melbourne, Australia) stations
with a good SNR.
With an outdoor long-wire antenna
connected directly to the AM antenna
input, I could get many stations with an
SNR of 25dB or better without any ferrite rod. This way, there is not a single
inductor required in the circuit. Using
a ferrite rod, the weaker stations came
through, but there was a lot of hash
caused by all the electronics in my lab.
I made a plot of sensitivity on the AM
band from 153kHz to 1700kHz, shown
in Fig.1. Note the sharp dip at 450kHz. I
have no idea why this is, but it is near the
intermediate frequency of most superhet receivers, so it is of no consequence.
On shortwave, the sensitivity is comparable to the AM band (see Fig.2). This
is not brilliant, but adequate. There
were a few ‘birdies’ on some frequencies – eg, 8MHz, 14MHz and 16MHz
– which made SNR measurement difficult. Above 22MHz, the SNR display
did not seem to give sensible readings,
although performance up to 30MHz
seemed the same as at 20MHz.
The audio drive capability of the
SiLabs chips is not stated in the data
sheets. I determined experimentally
that the minimum load resistance on
the headphone output is 1.6kΩ. Any
less, and clipping will occur.
Fig.2: a similar ‘frequency response’ plot for the SW range from 2MHz to 22.3MHz.
Practical Electronics | July | 2022
The maximum output with this load
is 250mV peak-to-peak, or about 88mV
RMS for a sinewave, giving less than
1mW. It still works with low-impedance headphones, although at maximum volume there will be some distortion. Sennheiser 60Ω headphones
gave an acceptable listening level in a
quiet environment.
Panasonic noise-reducing headphones with a 330Ω input resistance
(with the noise reduction turned on)
gave a considerably higher sound level.
Feeding the signal into external amplified speakers gave good-quality sound.
Because of this weak output, I have
added an op amp buffer that provides
drive capability for low-impedance
headphones, while also providing
enough voltage swing for insensitive
high-impedance ’phones. This is also
useful if you are feeding the audio to
a preamp or amplifier, as the signal is
closer to ‘line level’.
When the tuning knob is rotated,
each pulse from the shaft encoder
sends out six bytes via I2C and then
receives seven bytes of status. This
takes a significant time, so if you
spin the tuning knob too rapidly, the
encoder pulses are missed, and you
only get a small frequency change. Just
slow down the rotation.
Circuit description
The full schematic is shown in Fig.3.
The Si4730 module includes the
32.768kHz crystal and associated
capacitors. The FM antenna is connected to the module’s FM input via
a 1nF capacitor, while the AM band
requires a ferrite rod, typically 400μH.
An optional 10nF capacitor joins the
two antenna inputs, allowing a single
length of wire to provide both FM and
AM reception in metropolitan areas.
The SEN line is tied high internally on
the Si4730 module.
The audio output is coupled to
header CON4. The drive strength from
the radio chip itself is just adequate
to drive 60Ω headphones; as hinted
above, depending on the ‘phones, the
volume level can be a bit low, and distortion can be higher than we’d like.
The dual op amp (IC3) in the final
version is not present in the prototypes
shown. This gives a voltage gain of 4
and low-impedance output, enough to
drive just about any headphones or earphones to a decent volume level (even
insensitive types), and possibly even
very efficient unpowered speakers.
Alternatively, an external audio
amplifier, such as PC-style speakers can
be used, with or without the op amp.
If you don’t need the op amp, you can
simply bridge pin pairs 1/3 and 5/7, to
feed the radio chip’s output to CON4.
17
You will note that the I2C bus is
made externally accessible via CON8,
together with the +5V supply. This
could be useful in future for expansion,
or as a debugging aid.
The power supply may be 9V AC or
9-12V DC via CON1. If a DC supply is
used, it must not be a switching type
– its hash can wipe out the AM band.
A 7805 regulator supplies the
ATmega chip and the LCD module,
while a small TO-92 linear regulator
provides 3.3V for the SiLabs chip.
The Si4732 version differs due to the
installation of two 22pF capacitors, a crystal (X2)
and the chip itself on the underside of the PCB.
CON4 also has +5V and GND pins.
This supply might be used for a small
amplifier module mounted in the same
case, to drive 8Ω speakers. I don’t recommend Class-D amplifiers because
they could generate hash which will
interfere with radio reception, much
the same as a switching regulator.
Control is via a standard I2C serial
bus and a reset line. I have specified
a 32KB ATmega328P chip in a DIL
package, although I used the 16KB
ATMega168 in my prototype; the program only occupies 68% of its 16KB
of Flash, and I have heaps of these
chips left over from a previous project.
Besides the Flash size, they are essentially identical.
The display is a standard 16x2 alphanumeric LCD module. There is provision for an external crystal for the
ATmega chip, but I found the internal
8MHz RC oscillator quite adequate.
The processor runs from 5V, whereas
the SiLabs chip requires 3.3V. This is
not a problem for the I2C interface, as
the output is open-drain, and the 15kΩ
pull-up resistors go to 3.3V. There are
also two 1kΩ series current-limiting
resistors between the I2C outputs of the
micro and the radio module’s inputs as
a precaution against incorrect programming of the I2C pins.
The typical value of an I2C pull-up
resistor is 4.7kΩ, but the SCL and
SDA pins on the SiLabs chip have
limited drive capabilities. Operation with 4.7kΩ pull-ups could be
marginal, especially given the 1kΩ
series protection resistors. Hence the
use of 15kΩ pull-ups; lower values
would give a marginal low voltage
with either pin when pulled externally low, via those 1kΩ resistors. I
have not found any problems with
these higher-value pull-up resistors
(eg, sensitivity to EMI).
Tuning is by a standard shaft
encoder with a pushbutton switch
(RE1). The switch cycles through different step sizes on the bands. The
18
external band switch, S3, toggles
between AM and FM modes.
I used an ON-OFF-ON type switch
to provide for three bands. This gives
three different voltages which can be
read by the analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) input on the ATmega, PC3
(pin 26). If the Si4730 module is used,
there is no SW band, so you should use
a two-position switch instead.
Another ADC input, PC0 (pin 23),
monitors the voltage at the wiper of
potentiometer VR2 which sets the volume. The reading is scaled and sent via
the I2C lines to control the volume of
the SiLabs chip.
A third ADC input at PC1 (pin 24)
reads the position of potentiometer
VR3; the reading is scaled and sent to
the SiLabs chip to adjust the bandwidth
on the AM band. I could have used a
multiple position switch, but this is a
simpler and cheaper option.
The bandwidths that can be selected
are 1.0, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0 and 6.0kHz.
The potentiometer that I have used has
a centre detent which gives a 2.5kHz
bandwidth, but this is optional. There
is no bandwidth option for FM.
Using the Si4732 chip
For those who wish to include SW
or LW bands, you can use the Si4732
chip instead of the Si4730 module.
This comes in an SOIC SMD package,
which is not difficult to solder. There
are only slight changes to the circuit,
as shown in Fig.4.
The SENB pin goes to ground on the
Si4732, which gives it a different I2C
address to the Si4730. It requires an
additional crystal and three capacitors.
The Si4730 module I2C addresses are
C6 hex for writing, and C7 for reading.
With the Si4732 chip, the corresponding addresses are 22 and 23 hex.
Don’t load both the Si4730 module
and Si4732 chip. Although they have
different I2C addresses, the loading on
the RF inputs is such that it severely
degrades sensitivity.
Debugging interface
MOSFETs Q1 and Q2 provide a serial
debugging interface. This was invaluable for debugging purposes, but not
required if you just want to use the
radio. It is set up for 38,400bps, eight
data bits, one stop bit and no parity.
Microcontroller IC2 is programmed
via the standard 6-pin header, CON9.
A pushbutton switch is provided to
reset IC2.
Component Selection
While I try to make sure that components can be sourced locally, it is not
always possible. In this case, several
major components have to be sourced
from international suppliers.
There are a few suppliers of the
Si4730-V2.0 module on AliExpress that
sell it from £5 to £12. Make sure it’s the
version with six connections on each
side of the board. There are some with
only five connections that will not fit.
As with most orders from China, be
prepared for a fairly long delivery time.
The Si4732 chip is manufactured
in the SOIC-16 package. It is available
on AliExpress, and also Digi-Key and
Mouser, where you can order it along
with other parts.
Apart from the 1000μF electrolytic
and the 2W resistor, all other resistors
and capacitors are either 1206 or 0805
(imperial) size SMDs, and there are no
fine-lead-pitch devices to worry about.
There are various colours of backlighting for the LCD module. We much
prefer the white-on-blue version to the
old-fashioned yellow/green variety.
This type is available from several suppliers on eBay. But if you don’t mind
waiting, the LCD module can cost as
little as about £1.50 from China.
Since we’re using the parallel interface, you won’t need the I2C serial interface board supplied with some of them.
The LCD is mounted off the main PCB
with standoffs, and connected using
the supplied standard header plugging
into a low-profile PCB-mounting socket
strip. The LCD height above the board
means that the two pots and rotary
encoder need 25-30mm-long shafts. The
parts list shows suggested components.
Practical Electronics | July | 2022
Digital AM/FM/SW Radio Receiver
Fig.3: there isn’t a lot to the radio circuit thanks to the Si4730 radio module. The antennas at left are simply coupled to
the module using capacitors, while the audio outputs on the right-hand side feed into a pair of op amp buffer/gain stages,
which are better at driving headphones than the module by itself. IC2 controls the radio over an I2C serial bus while
monitoring user input via rotary encoder RE1, and displaying tuning and signal strength information on a two-line LCD.
Construction
A word of caution. The crystal on
the tiny SI4730 module is not firmly
attached and can be easily bent to
Practical Electronics | July | 2022
one side and damage the board. I can
vouch for that from experience! I recommend a spot of superglue to attach
it firmly to the board. You might want
to consider ordering two of these
modules to be on the safe side.
The main circuit board (coded
CSE210301C) is double-sided with
19
►
Fig.4(a): if you want SW
►
reception, all you have to do
is leave off the Si4730 module
(MOD1) and instead fit IC1,
its 100nF supply bypass
capacitor, crystal X2 and its
two 22pF load capacitors. All
the other components shown
here were in the original
circuit (Fig.3) and are only
duplicated to clarify how IC1
is connected to the rest of the
circuit.
Fig.4(b): how the panel-mount jack socket is wired
to CON4. Check your socket’s pinout to determine
the tip (T), ring (R) and sleeve (S) connections.
components on both sides. It measures
123 x 49.5mm and is available from the
PE PCB Service. Both Receiver versions
use the same PCB; either you mount
the Si4730 module on one side, or the
Si4732 chip on the other. Refer to overlay diagrams Figs.5 and 6, and ensure
that you either fit the module as shown
in Fig.5, or the components in the red
oval in Fig.6 – not both.
Start by mounting the 16-pin chip.
This is the SOIC-16 type with pins
spaced widely enough that they can
be soldered individually using a finetipped iron.
First, apply some flux paste to the
pads to reduce the risk of bridging
between pins. If bridges do form during
soldering, use more flux paste and some
solder wick to remove it.
Next, fit the SMD capacitors on the
underside of the board. Note that
the two 22pF capacitors (values in
parentheses) are only needed if you
wish to use a crystal oscillator for the
ATmega168/ATmega328 chip. If not,
we suggest you leave them off.
The other side of the board has most
of the components. Install the remaining surface-mount parts next. If you are
using the Si4730 module, make sure
it’s placed accurately. It needs plenty
of solder flowing into the ‘half holes’
either side of the module PCB.
Ensure that the 10μF and 100μF tantalum capacitors are placed with the
correct polarity. The striped end is positive, so face the striped ends towards
the ‘+’ symbols on the PCB. Then add
the through-hole components, possibly
including the optional 8MHz crystal.
There is also provision for an SMA
socket, CON6, although I didn’t use it.
This is an alternative input for the AM,
LW and SW bands.
Ideally, I prefer the LCD module to
be removable; hence, I plugged it into a
socket strip. The matching headers are
not that easy to find, but the parts list
mentions suppliers. The LCD is then
attached using 9mm untapped spacers
(Jaycar HP0862 or Altronics H21362)
and M2.5 x 15mm screws and nuts.
The last components to attach are
the two potentiometers (VR2 and VR3)
and rotary encoder RE1 on the LCD
side. Finally, give the board a good
wash on both sides with circuit
board cleaner.
Figs.5 and 6: most of the
components mount on the top side
of the PCB; apart from a few SMDs,
the only parts on the bottom are
the two pots, the rotary encoder
and crystal X2 (if IC1 is fitted).
It’s best to fit all the SMDs on the
underside, then the SMDs on the
top, then the through-hole parts on
the top, then the underside. Ensure
the polarised parts like the radio
module, all the ICs, the aluminium
and tantalum electrolytic
capacitors, bridge rectifier BR1,
diode D1 and trimpot VR1 are
orientated as shown.
Errata: if using the specified part,
REG2 should be mounted upside
down relative to the overlay.
Otherwise you can mount it on the
underside of the PCB, ensuring it
doesn’t foul the front panel. This
is due to the input and output pins
being swapped on the PCB footprint.
20
Practical Electronics | July | 2022
Figs.8 and 9: (shown 85% full size)
these panel labels are available to
download from the July 2022 page of
the PE website, so you can print them,
cut them out and attach them to the
inside (or outside) of the box lid.
Preparing the enclosure
I encased the radio prototypes in a
Hammond RP1175C box, which has a
clear lid. This avoids having to make a
rectangular cutout for the LCD, so you
can drill all the holes. It is available
from Mouser, Digi-Key, Rapid and others. You could use a larger case that’s
locally available, but that would make
the radio a bit less convenient to use.
This is how I wired up the prototype Si4730-based radio.
Practical Electronics | July | 2022
You can place the power input
connector, headphone jack and BNC
antenna connector on any convenient
surface. I chose the righthand side of
the box.
The headphone jack presents something of a problem. The case thickness
is too much for easily obtainable 3.5mm
stereo jacks. The simplest solution is to
use a 6.35mm jack, and if necessary,
a 3.5mm adaptor (eg, Jaycar PA3590).
The drilling details are shown in
Fig.7; use this as an initial template to
locate the circuit board mounting holes
(D) and the toggle switch holes (B). As
accuracy is required, the blank circuit
board can then be used as a template
for drilling the mounting holes.
Use a countersinking tool so that the
screw heads will be flush with the front
panel. You will note that there is a small
hole in the centre of the encoder and
two potentiometers.
Once the four mounting holes (D) are
drilled, attach the board to the panel
with 3mm screws and drill 1mm holes
through the centre of the two potentiometers and encoder positions, to
accurately mark the centres of the 8mm
holes (A).
I printed the 139 x 76mm front panel
label on heavy photographic paper, and
it fits neatly in the slot on the transparent panel.
Fig.8 is the panel label for the Si4730
module-based version, while Fig.9
shows the label for the Si4732-based
version. The only difference is in the
labelling for the band change switch,
adding the SW option for the Si4732
chip. You can download these labels
from the July 2022 page of the PE website and print them out.
Use a sharp blade to cut out the
slot for the LCD and the five holes for
potentiometers, encoder and switches,
then cut out the panel and slot it into
the inside of the clear lid. It should be
a neat fit.
Attach the circuit board to the back
of the front panel using 12mm-long M3
countersunk head screws at the front
and M3 x 6mm screws at the back.
18mm-long spacers are needed, which
can be made from a 12mm threaded
spacer plus an untapped 6mm spacer
stacked. You can use other spacer combinations to give the required 18mm.
The potentiometer and encoder
shafts are 6mm in diameter. Be careful
if you are using metric knobs, as some
might not be suitable for the shafts.
Choose the types with a grub screw
21
Fig.7: if you use a box
with a clear lid, then you
only have to drill round
holes, as shown here. You
can stick masking tape
on your panel, measure
and mark the hole
dimensions, or simply
copy/print this diagram,
cut it out and use it as a
template. For the neatest
result, countersink the
holes marked D on the
outside of the panel.
since these will fit a wide variety of
shaft types.
There remains the internal wiring
to the various switches and connectors on the enclosure. This is relatively
straightforward, and shown in the photographs (refer to Figs.3-6).
Programming the micro
I wrote the control software using
BASCOM, a BASIC compiler for AVR
micros. Having the application and
programming notes provided by SiLabs
made the code fairly straightforward.
Both the .BAS source code and .HEX
firmware file are available for download from the July 2022 page of the PE
website. Note that you might need a
paid version of BASCOM to compile
the .BAS file – see the box below.
The program header on the board is
designed for an AVRISP Mk2 programmer. This can be used in conjunction
with the free Atmel (now Microchip)
Studio program available for download
from: www.microchip.com
Control of the SiLabs chip is via I2C
serial commands, and believe me there
are heaps of them. There are all sorts of
features, such as scanning, that could
be incorporated into the design, but
I decided to ‘keep it simple, stupid’
(KISS). Others might wish to expand
on what I have done.
As mentioned above, the pushbutton switch integrated into the tuning
encoder toggles through steps to allow
fine selection or quick tuning across
the band. On the AM band, the step is
1kHz, 9kHz or 100kHz. The FM band
is 87MHz to 108MHz and has a step of
100kHz or 1MHz.
On the SW band (if used), the step
is 1kHz, 10kHz, 100kHz or 1MHz.
About half a second after a frequency is
selected, it and the step size are stored
in EEPROM. This means that on the
next power-up, the EEPROM values
are read and that frequency selected.
The top line of the 16x2 LCD shows
the frequency, and on the AM and SW
bands, it also shows the bandwidth.
The second line shows the step size
and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
The Si chip is sampled once a second
to update the SNR figure.
However, the Si4730 module does
not give SNR readings on the FM band.
Weaker signals give mono rather than
stereo output as expected.
Radio source code
Similarly, an example of the wiring for the Si4732 version of this project.
22
We will make the source code available
for this project, along with the HEX file.
The firmware was written in BASCOMAVR, a version of the BASIC language
that compiles to native Atmel AVR code.
So it is quite easy to modify.
BASCOM is commercial software;
there is a free demo version available
which can produce binaries up to 4KB
in size, but the radio software is larger
than that. A full license for the software
costs around £100 (it’s available from a
few different online shops). But, do note
this is only relevant for those who wish
to edit the software. You do not need it to
load the HEX file into the chip. There are
plenty of free software packages that can
do that, like MPLAB IPE and AVR Studio.
Practical Electronics | July | 2022
Parts List – Silicon Labs AM/FM/SW Radio
1 double-sided PCB coded CSE210301C, 123 x 49.5mm
available from the PE PCB Service
1 9V AC plugpack with 2.1/2.5mm ID barrel plug
1 plastic box with clear lid [eg, Altronics H0326,
Hammond RP1175C: Digi-Key; Mouser]
1 panel label, to suit version being built
1 16x2 alphanumeric LCD module with blue backlight (LCD1)
1 28-pin narrow DIL IC socket
3 2-pin polarised headers with matching plugs and pins
(CON1-3) [Jaycar HM3412/02, Altronics P5492/72 +
2x P5470A]
1 5-pin polarised header with matching plugs and pins
(CON4) [Jaycar HM3415/05, Altronics P5495/75 +
5x P5470A]
2 3-pin polarised headers with matching plugs and pins
(CON5, CON7) [Jaycar HM3413/03, Altronics P5493/73
+ 3x P5470A]
1 4-pin polarised headers with matching plugs / pins (CON8;
optional) [Jaycar HM3414/04, Altronics P5494/74]
1 panel-mount BNC socket [Jaycar PS0658, Altronics
P0516A]
1 PCB-mount DC barrel socket, 2.1/2.5mm ID, to suit
plugpack [eg, Jaycar PS0522/4, Altronics P0620/1A]
1 panel-mount stereo 6.35mm jack socket [eg, Jaycar
PS0182, Altronics P0065]
1 16 pi lo pro le ac i e pi ea er trip it
matching socket strip (for LCD) *
1 10kΩ multi-turn trimpot (VR1)
2 10kΩ 9mm vertical potentiometers with D-shafts (VR2,
VR3) [eg, Bourns PTV09A-4030F-B103-ND; or use
Altronics R1946 with a fluted shaft]
1 vertical rotary encoder with D-shaft and integrated
pushbutton switch (RE1)
[eg, Bourns PEC11R-4225F-S0024]
3 small or medium-size knobs to suit VR2, VR3 and RE1
1 PCB-mounting small tactile pushbutton switch (S1) [eg,
Jaycar SP0601 or Altronics S1120]
1 SPDT miniature toggle switch with solder tags (S2)
[eg, Jaycar ST0335]
1 00μ errite ro a te a 1 [eg, Jaycar LF1020]
4 9mm untapped spacers (for LCD mounting) [Jaycar
HP0862, Altronics H1362]
4 9-10mm-long M3 panhead machine screws and nuts
(for REG1)
4 12mm-long M3 countersunk head machine screws
4 6mm-long M3 panhead machine screws
4 12mm-long M3 tapped spacers
4 6mm-long untapped spacers, 3.25mm inner diameter
4 15mm-long M2.5 panhead machine screws and nuts (for
LCD mounting)
various lengths of medium-duty hookup wire
various short lengths of heatshrink tubing to suit wire size
* some options include Semtronics SBU400Z (header) +
MH1S19-140 (socket), Mouser 200-BBL116GF (header)
+ Mouser 200-SL116T10 (socket), element14 1667454
(header) + Jaycar PI6470 (socket) or Altronics P5400
(socket)
Initial setup
I did not want to have a separate control program for the Si4730 and Si4732
chips, so the chip type is automatically
identified on power up. You don’t need
to do anything.
When I built a second unit, I discovered that the tuning was backwards.
Clockwise decreased the frequency!
It appears that shaft encoders differ.
So I came up with a method to select
the correct tuning direction using the
Practical Electronics | July | 2022
Semiconductors
1 ATmega168 or ATmega328 8-bit microcontroller
pro ra
e
it
10 01
1 5V rail-to-rail op amp, SOIC-8 (IC3) [eg, LME49721,
available from Digi-Key, Mouser, eBay, AliExpress]
1 7805 5V 1A linear regulator, TO-220 (REG1)
1 LM2936-3.3 3.3V low-dropout linear regulator, TO-92
(REG2)
2 2N7002 small-signal N-channel MOSFETs, SMD SOT-23
package (Q1,Q2)
1
10 ri e recti er
1 [Jaycar ZR1308]
1 LL4148 small-signal diode, SMD DO-80 MELF (D1)
[Jaycar ZR1103]
Capacitors (all SMD M2012/0805 size unless
otherwise stated)
1 1000μF 16V t ro
ole ra ial electrolytic
100 F 0V
cera ic
100μF 6V
ta tal
i e
10 F 0V
cera ic
10μF 6V
ta tal
i e
1 1 F 0V
cera ic
0 F 0V
cera ic
2 100pF 50V C0G/NP0 ceramic
0 F 0V
cera ic
1 47pF 50V C0G/NP0 ceramic
Resistors (all 1% SMD M3216/1206 size unless
otherwise stated)
4 100kΩ
3 1kΩ
2 33kΩ
2 22kΩ
1 100Ω 5% 2W axial
7 15kΩ
Additional parts for the Si4732-based version
1 Si4732 IC, SOIC-16 (IC1) [AliExpress, eBay]
1 on-off-on (centre off) miniature toggle switch with solder
tags (S3) [eg, Jaycar ST0336]
1
6
atc cry tal
1 100 F 0V
cera ic capacitor
01 0 0 i e
2 22pF 50V C0G/NP0 ceramic capacitors, SMD
M2012/0805 size
Additional parts for Si4730 module-based version
1 Si4730 module, surface-mounting, with six pads on
either side of module’s PCB (MOD1) [AliExpress, eBay]
1 SPDT miniature toggle switch with solder tags (S3) [eg,
Jaycar ST0335]
Optional parts
1 vertical SMA socket (CON6) (external AM antenna input)
1 2x3 pin header (CON9) (for in-circuit programming of IC2)
1
cry tal 1 ee te t
2 22pF 50V C0G/NP0 ceramic capacitors, SMD
M2012/0805 size
UK/EU/US... readers
You don’t need to use the exact Altronics/Jaycar parts listed
here – they are quoted so you can find local alternatives
from the detailed specs provided online by these sellers.
existing radio interface. If you find that
your encoder action is reversed, then
follow these steps:
1. Turn the Bandwidth knob fully
clockwise.
2. Tune the AM band to 500kHz.
The display will show ‘Toggle
Direction’ on the top line, and
‘Direction 1’ or ‘Direction 2’ on
the lower line. You don’t need
to press the button, as it automatically selects the alternative
direction when you access this
display.
3. Tune to another frequency – make
sure the tuning direction is correct.
This setup only needs to be done
once, as the parameters are stored in
EEPROM and restored on power-up.
Reproduced by arrangement with
SILICON CHIP magazine 2022.
www.siliconchip.com.au
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