This is only a preview of the March 2023 issue of Practical Electronics. You can view 0 of the 72 pages in the full issue. Articles in this series:
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Capacitor Discharge
Welder
Part 1
By Phil Prosser
Make your own thermocouples
or battery packs! If you're skilled
enough, you might even be able
to weld studs to sheet metal. This
project lets you build a safe lowvoltage mini spot welder.
safe and low voltage
I
t’s more expensive to buy
thermocouples than to weld the tips
of K-type thermocouple wire, available cheaply by the reel. And getting a
custom-made battery pack for repair or
for your project is also pricey. But the
availability of used battery packs and
individual cells means building custom
batteries is a real option – as long as you
have a way of welding tabs onto them.
Safely welding tabs to batteries is
more challenging than you might think.
You cannot use solder to make the joints
as the metal does not ‘wet’ easily, and
you need to get it dangerously hot to
make the joint. This can damage the
plastic insulators inside the battery,
leading to catastrophic failure of the
cell. Tabs on professionally made cells
are welded on. This project allows you
to do the same yourself.
Professional battery welders are
generally ultrasonic welders, capacitor discharge welders or high-current
spot welders. Most are way out of the
ability for hobbyists to build. Capacitor discharge welders are at the lower
end of the professional spectrum.
These use energy stored in a bank of
capacitors to deliver the weld energy
to the workpiece.
A common characteristic of all battery
tab welders is that they deliver an awful
lot of energy (typically 100-200 joules,
or more) to the connection in as short a
period as possible.
Safety warning
Capacitor Discharge Welding works by generating extremely high current pulses, and
consequently, strong magnetic fields. Do not build or use this project if you have a
pacemaker or similar sensitive device.
This device can generate sparks and heat. Users must wear appropriate personal
protective equipment such as welding glasses that meets all relevant regulations and
standards, and which provide mechanical and IR/UV protection.
18
Practical Electronics | March | 2023
Features and Specs
Weld energy: adjustable, from
a few joules up to 208-365J
(depending on number and type of
capacitors used)
Weld pulse duration: 0.2-20ms
with optional 0.1ms pre-pulse, 5ms
before main pulse
Safety features: trigger lockout
during charging, foot switch
triggering, kill switch
Capacitor charging: 2A or 5A
(selectable); switch-mode for high
efficiency and fast charging
Welding leads: 1m min length
suggested, but can be customised
Power supply: 24V DC, 2.5A
minimum (6A+ recommended)
Options for DIY
One approach is to use a car battery
or Li-ion cell with a beefy switching
device. A very large SCR or FET is used
to short the battery across the ‘weld spot’
for a short period.
While this can work, it has a hidden
problem. The current is high enough
to create a weld but not high enough to
do it quickly. As a result, there can be a
large ‘heat-affected zone’ and the weld
quality varies depending on the health
of your battery.
The other practical alternative is
to roll your own Capacitor Discharge
Welder. This is somewhat more expensive than using a big battery but provides more predictable results. Our
design also gives you a lot of control of
the weld energy and time.
Capacitor Discharge (CD) Welders
These do exactly what they say on the
box. They comprise a capacitor bank
that you charge up, and then electronically short it across the workpiece using
one or more large FETs, SCRs or other
very tough semiconductor switches. The
weld is formed by resistive heating in
the workpiece.
All of the energy that goes into the
weld is from the capacitors. This provides you with certainty and repeatability about how much energy is delivered. The energy is also delivered very
quickly, in a few milliseconds, which
means the weld is done before heat conducts far from the joint.
The downside of this is that you
need capacitor(s) that can take the
abuse of massive discharge pulses,
which can get expensive. The upside is
that you can control the energy delivered to the weld in two dimensions,
both by selecting the voltage the capacitor is charged to and by how long you
turn the switches on.
Practical Electronics | March | 2023
The front panel of the
Capacitor Discharge (CD) Welder.
Our approach
We want to do better than simply paralleling as many capacitors as we can
find and using a giant SCR to switch
them. Our goal is a project that allows
you to choose the overall scale of the
Capacitor Discharge Welder, allowing
you to select the most cost-effective
capacitors for your application.
While researching this, we came
across Ian Hooper’s work, which
prompted the modular and scalable
approach that is presented here, see:
https://bit.ly/pe-mar23-sw1
Our design uses multiple Energy Storage boards which stack, allowing you
to build a welder with the capacity you
need. A separate Power Supply Module
allows you to control the voltage and
provides a constant charge current to
the capacitor bank. A Controller Module
enables you to program the weld pulse
width you want.
These features are typically found on
professional kit. Our charger is based on
a switch-mode regulator, which means
that we can control the current charging
the capacitors without using a resistor or
linear regulator – both of which would
otherwise get stinking hot!
With the recommended 10 Energy
Storage Modules (ESMs), we have 1.2
farads of storage, which we can charge
to about 2-25V DC. The pulse width can
be varied from under one millisecond
through to 20ms.
Hold up there, Dr Evil! Are we seriously talking about shorting a 1.2F
capacitor across the weld joint? At
just 25V, this is 375J! Let’s think this
through; there are safety issues to be
considered here!
We have intentionally used a maximum charge voltage of 25V, which
is well below the Extra Low Voltage
threshold and reduces voltage-related
safety hazards to operators. We use a
24V DC 6A plug pack to charge it up,
so no mains wiring is involved.
But the Capacitor Discharge Welder
stores an awful lot of energy. This warrants great caution in use, with the risk
of burns and arcing. Safety must be at
the front of your thinking when using it.
From a design perspective, we seek
to minimise the risk of inadvertent firing, ie, ‘uncontrolled output’, including by using:
n
A fire button that only enables the output for a few milliseconds, minimising
the risk of creating an arc when placing
the weld probes on the workpiece.
n
An interlock stopping firing during
charging, avoiding multiple shots.
n
An enable/kill switch.
n
A footswitch to fire the Welder while
keeping both hands free.
Operating principle
The basic idea behind the Capacitor
Discharge Welder is shown in Fig.1.
This simple welder model consists of
the capacitors, connections and MOSFETs. Note that the MOSFETs pull the
negative lead down to ground potential
but are ‘flipped’ in this figure for clarity.
This seems simple enough, but the
question at the forefront of our minds
is: will the capacitors and MOSFETs
survive the very high currents involved,
especially on a repetitive basis? To do
this, we need to determine what the
peak current is likely to be and how it
decays over time. To assess this we need
a model of all the parts involved, starting with the capacitors and the boards
on which they mount.
Most of the recommended capacitors
have an ESR (equivalent series resistance) specification close to 20mW,
so we’ll start with that figure. For the
capacitor closest to the ‘output’ end of
the board, we calculate a trace resistance
(both positive and negative) of 0.5mW,
19
The finished
Power Supply
Module used in
the Capacitor
Discharge
Welder. Its main
job is to charge
the capacitor
bank, but it also
provides power
to the rest of the
circuitry.
giving 20.5mW. The other capacitors are
a bit further away, so we calculate figures of 21.27mW and 22.05mW.
These three capacitors are in parallel, so we can calculate their combined
source resistance as 20.5mW ∥ 21.27mW
∥ 22.05mW = 7.08mW. Then we add the
MOSFET on-resistance (1.7mW ∥ 1.7mW
= 0.85mW), the PCB track resistance
from the MOSFETs to the bus bar and
the resistance of the connections to the
bus bars, giving us a total of 8.33mW
per module.
We’ve paralleled ten of these modules, giving an overall source impedance
of 0.83mW (10% of the figure above). To
this, we must add the resistance of the
bus bars (around 0.1mW each), the welding tips (a total of about 0.5mW) and then
the welding cables. We’re using 1m-long
cables with 7.1mm2 cross-sectional area
for a figure of 2.6mW each, dominating
the final source resistance value, which
is 7.53mW.
Given this, what is the maximum
current we can deliver? Will the FETs
even survive?
Of course, the workpiece will never
be 0W. With reasonably pointy probes
welding a 0.15mm-thick nickel strip,
this will be more like 5mW. But we will
conservatively use a value of zero for
our calculations.
This tells us that it would be a terrible
idea to fire the welder with the bus bars
shorted. If we omit the lead resistance,
the load will be 1.5mW plus whatever
shorts the bars. This gives a worst-case
current of 16,000A or 800A per MOSFET, which is right up against their
1ms safe operating area (SOA) curve.
The MOSFETs might survive this, but
whatever shorts the bus bars might not!
Under ‘normal’ operation, the worstcase current will be 3300A with the 1m
leads perfectly shorted. This is 166A
peak per MOSFET (two per module)
for a few milliseconds. The specified
devices are rated to handle 192A continuously, and their SOA is 600A for 10ms,
giving us a reasonable safety margin.
Under more realistic conditions, and
with a 5mW workpiece, the maximum
current will be 25V ÷ (7.53mW + 5mW)
= approximately 2000A. This can be
controlled by reducing the operating
voltage and pulse width.
20
This analysis might seem over the
top – but a CD Welder is quite a device!
I was just a little intimidated the first
time I fired it in anger!
Major parts
The resulting CD Welder block diagram
is shown in Fig.2. We will discuss each
part and explain some of the challenges
they present.
1) Power Supply Module
The problem with charging a 1.2F capacitor is that to any regular power supply,
it looks like a short circuit. Also, when
fired, the CD Welder power supply is
shorted out. It must be able to tolerate
this on a repetitive, long-term basis.
A linear regulator might do the job,
but it would face several problems. For
a start, it would get hot! Also, if we use
a 5W resistor to limit the charging current, the initial current will be 5A, but
it will not fully charge the capacitor for
close to 20 seconds. We determine this
by solving the equation Vcap = Vin × (1
− e-t ÷ (RC)) for t, with a value of Vcap
close to Vin.
This convinced us to instead use
a switch-mode regulator with a 5A
(or 2A) constant current output. This
only dissipates a few watts even when
running flat out. An equation for calculating the charge time is C = Q ÷ V,
where C is in farads, Q in coulombs
and V in volts. Differentiating and rearranging this equation gives us dV/dt =
I ÷ C. With I = 5A and C = 1.17F, dV/
dt is 4.3V per second.
Note that you can also determine your
actual capacitor bank capacity using this
equation by measuring its charge rate
and then solving for C.
2) Control Module
We need a way to trigger all the capacitors to dump their charge into the welding probes simultaneously, for a defined
period. We have used the venerable
NE555 timer IC to do this. The Controller
needs to work in a tough electrical environment, so using a ‘bulletproof’ chip in
a simple configuration is the way to go.
We hope you are picking up on the
attention we are paying to EMI/EMC and
the currents involved here!
Professional controllers offer a ‘twopulse weld’ mode. The initial pulse
cleans the surface between the parts
and the second pulse makes the weld.
This feature is easy to provide, so we
did. Three timer ICs generate the initial pulse, then a delay, then the second pulse.
Fig.1: the basic concept of the Capacitor Discharge Welder is a capacitor bank
of around 30 capacitors in parallel that are charged up and then connected
across the heavy welding leads when the MOSFETs are switched on. The trick is
making sure everything survives this process as over 1000A can flow!
Practical Electronics | March | 2023
The Control
Module uses four
555 timer ICs.
Energy Storage Module (ESM)
The Storage Module takes inspiration
from Ian Hooper’s work (mentioned
above), then extends this to provide
us more control over the switching
and increases robustness to back-EMF.
This ESM accepts 10mm lead pitch
(spacing) caps with a diameter up to
35mm. This provides you with many
options for sourcing these expensive
parts. We recommend you use caps of
known provenance from the likes of
Farnell, Mouser or Digi-Key. Online
prices that seem too good to resist are
usually a bad choice with capacitors.
The ESMs bolt to bus bars, allowing
paralleling of an arbitrary number of
modules. They provide fast switching using two onboard high-current
MOSFETs and a dedicated FET driver.
They also have an inbuilt flyback
diode to protect against the backEMF and are easy to build, wire up
and service.
Switching really high currents is not
a simple thing to do. By switching each
module rather than the whole bank,
we can ‘divide and conquer’.
The recommended bank of 30
capacitors on 10 ESMs will each see
currents in the region of 50A per
capacitor every time a weld is made.
The RMS ripple current rating of the
recommended capacitors is about
10A, but the limiting factor for aluminium electrolytic capacitors is
heating. The average current is very
low because of our low pulse rate, so
the I2R losses are insignificant.
Capacitor choice
The capacitors for a CD welder are the
main expense. During the development
of this project, we spent much time
investigating the trade-offs in the total
energy stored, capacitor voltage rating
and the safety and robustness of the
switching system.
The choice has also been complicated by parts availability. The 20212022 drought for electronic components
(especially semiconductors) is making our life extremely difficult, as even
seemingly ordinary parts are hard to
get. Perhaps surprisingly, this includes
capacitors, especially large electrolytics.
Luckily, there is a range of choices
you can make in selecting your capacitors. For 25V-rated capacitors, we recommend that you aim for a total capacitance of no less than 1F. Ideally, hit
the 1.2F mark for some spare capacity.
Table 1 shows some good choices here.
If you choose to use 16V capacitors,
you can probably save a few pounds.
In this case, aim for a total capacitance
of no less than 1.5F and ideally 2F if
you want a bit of extra margin. All of
the options shown in Table 2 will total
around £100 or so.
Remember that the welding process is
about the energy delivered to the weld –
the actual capacitance is a means to an
end, and using a higher voltage makes
this easier. You will find availability
and price can be something of a ‘headscratcher’, and we are sure you will
have hours of ‘fun’ working out your
best value for money!
Fig.2: a modular approach makes building the CD Welder easier. A mains power
‘brick’ is fed into the power supply, which provides a constant current to charge
the capacitor bank. Said bank comprises eight or more Energy Storage Modules
(ESMs – 10 in our case) connected in parallel using bus bars. The control circuit
provides the timing and the ability to trigger all the ESMs to dump their charge
into the welding probes simultaneously.
Practical Electronics | March | 2023
Probably the only thing we would
advise against is using much larger
capacitor values than we recommend –
our models show that for the values in
the tables above, it should be OK, but
much more capacitance on a module
could lead to MOSFET failure.
So how much energy do we need?
We found about 130J was sufficient for
the tabs we welded. We’re confident a
welder with 200J total storage would suit
our needs. The recommended design can
deliver 370J, which would definitely
provide margin throughout its life.
Circuit details
Fig.3 is the circuit diagram of the Power
Supply module. The regulator used is an
MC34167 device, a switch-mode regulator operating at 71kHz. It is operated in a
buck (step-down) configuration, using a
220μH filter/energy storage coil and 15A
schottky flyback diode with two 1000μF
smoothing capacitors on the output.
These will help reduce radiated EMI
during charging, but the >1000A pulses
will still play havoc with any sensitive
electrical device nearby.
To turn a voltage regulator into a current source, we need to sense the output
current and convert this into a voltage
as feedback. This is done by the INA282
shunt monitor IC, IC2, with a 10mW
series shunt. The INA282 has a gain of
50 times, so its pin 5 output delivers
500mV/A. This is further amplified by
a factor of about 6.5 by op amp IC3a,
resulting in 2.8V/A to the feedback pin
(pin 1) of IC1.
An example weld of a 0.12mm-thick
strip of nickel at 15V with a 20ms
weld time onto an AA cell used for
testing. The result was that the tab
could not be pulled off with any
reasonable amount of force applied.
21
Table 1 – suitable 25V-rated capacitors (M=Mouser, DK=Digi-Key)
Capacitor value
# ESMs
Caps per ESM
Total capacity
Energy stored
Suitable parts
56,000μF
8-10
2
0.9-1.1F
280-350J
DK: 338-3866-ND
39,000μF
8-10
3
0.9-1.17F
300-365J
M: B41231A5399M002
DK: 338-3743-ND
33,000μF
10
3
1F
310J
M: SLPX333M025E9P3 |
B41231A5339M000 |
380LX333M025K052
DK: 338-1613-ND
22,000μF
14
3
0.92F
288J
M: SLP223M025H5P3 |
380LX223M025J052
DK: 495-6159-ND | 338-4172-ND |
338-2431-ND
Table 2 – suitable 16V-rated capacitors (M=Mouser, DK=Digi-Key)
Capacitor value
# ESMs
Caps per ESM Total capacity
Energy stored
Suitable parts
68,000μF
12-14
2
1.6-1.9F
208-243J
M: B41231A4689M000 |
380LX683M016A052
DK: 495-6141-ND | 338-2273-ND
56,000μF
10-12
3
1.7-2.0F
220-256J
M: B41231A4569M000 |
SLPX563M016H4P3
47,000μF
14
3
2F
256J
M: B41231B4479M000
DK: 338-2458-ND | 338-2318-ND
39,000μF
14
3
1.6F
210J
M: B41231A4339M000 |
380LX393M016A032 |
16USG39000MEFCSN25X50
DK: 338-2261-ND
All the SMD components are located
on the underside of the Energy
Storage Module (ESM).
If pin 1 of IC1 is lower than 5.05V,
the regulator increases its output. Similarly, if the input is higher than 5.05V,
the output duty cycle and thus voltage/
current is reduced.
So with 2.8V/A, we get an output current close to 1.8A (5.05V ÷ 2.8V/A). The
5A version of the circuit changes two
resistors (values shown in green), setting
the gain of IC3a to 2.2 times, so its output
is 1.1V/A and therefore, the current limit
is around 4.6A (5.05V ÷ 1.1V/A).
So that the capacitor charging stops
when it reaches the desired voltage, the
output voltage is applied to potentiometer VR1 via a 27kW resistor and the
reduced voltage at its wiper is buffered
by op amp IC3b. This is fed into the ‘current sense’ input of IC3a (pin 3) via diode
D3, which ‘ORs’ these voltages together.
This means that when the output voltage is lower than the set limit, the circuit
operates as a constant-current source.
When the output voltage reaches the
programmed limit, the voltage from VR1
exceeds the current sense voltage, and
regulation is now voltage-controlled.
When in current-limit mode, we
switch on the CHARGE LED connected
across CON3. At the same time pin 7 of
CON4 is pulled low, which acts as an
interlock in the controller circuit on the
‘fire’ switch. This is used to stop the user
from making a weld before the capacitors are fully charged.
Controller circuit
The controller circuit is shown in
Fig.4. Three NE555 devices, IC4-IC6,
are set up as monostable (single-shot)
pulse generators in series (output
to trigger input), with a fourth (IC7)
acting as a high-current buffer. This
allows us to generate a first pulse, a
delay and a second pulse. The main
weld pulse is controllable using 100kW
potentiometer VR2, variable from
under 1ms to about 20ms.
About 10 of these
ESMs are joined
together to form
a capacitor
bank for the
CD Welder.
22
Practical Electronics | March | 2023
Capacitor Discharge Spot Welder
Power Supply Module
Fig.3: the Power Supply circuit derives a 15V rail to run the remainder of the circuit from the 24V DC input using a simple
linear regulator. The rest of the components form the constant-current switch-mode step-down regulator. It’s based around
switching regulator IC1 with shunt monitor IC2 and op amp IC3 used to make it deliver a fixed current until the capacitor
bank reaches the fully charged voltage selected using potentiometer VR1.
If the ‘two-pulse’ switch connected to
CON8 is open, only the output trigger
pulse from IC6 is fed (via diode D6) to
timer IC7, so a single trigger pulse goes
to pin 9 of CON7. If that switch is closed,
the outputs pulse from both IC4 and IC6
result in a trigger pulse. Timer IC5 provides the delay between these pulses.
We chose the NE555 as a driver
because it can operate from 15V, can
deliver 200mA, has a fast rise time
(300ns) and can easily drive our TRIGGER bus. This switches all the energy
storage modules simultaneously.
The ‘fire’ input to the Controller, connected to CON5, is a switch to ground.
We have included PNP transistor Q2 to
inhibit the input while the capacitors are
charging. When the INHIBIT line from
pin 7 of CON7 is low, Q2 is on and it
holds the trigger input feeding pin 2 of
IC4 high. The 1μF capacitor between its
base and the 15V rail avoids noise coupled into the INHIBIT line from causing problems.
Similarly, if the pins of the ENABLE
header (CON6) are shorted (eg, via a
switch), this will prevent triggering by
switching on Q2 via diode D8.
The control interface PCB design uses
tightly-packed surface-mounted components to increase its EMI robustness and
avoid false triggering.
Practical Electronics | March | 2023
ESM circuit
This is shown in Fig.5. There isn’t much
to it – mainly just the three (or two) storage capacitors, two MOSFETs and the
dual MOSFET driver, IC8.
We explained earlier why we are
using the very high-current IRFB7430
FETs. These must be tightly controlled
in terms of switching time, and switch
on and off cleanly. The TC1427 MOSFET driver can deliver up to 1.2A into
the FET gates, switching them in 25ns.
It has input hysteresis, which will help
our robustness to noise. The alternative,
pin-compatible IX4340NE in the parts
list can deliver an even higher current
of 5A for very rapid switching indeed.
IC8’s inputs are connected to the
TRIGGER bus from the NE555 which
has a 15V swing, again seeking to
avoid false switching due to noise. By
driving all Energy Store Modules with
the common Trigger signal, we aim to
ensure that all Energy Store Modules
are switched on and off at as close to
the same time as possible.
The Welder in action
Scope 1 (overleaf) is a digital oscilloscope capture showing the voltage
After building your
CD Welder. It’s useful
to make some test
welds on scrap metal
to get an idea of how
much voltage and
time is needed to
form a decent weld.
Too much energy
will burn and distort
the metal, and even
blow holes in it, as
shown on the left tab.
On the right, you can
see that we managed
to weld the tab to
the can without
destroying it.
23
Parts List – Capacitor Discharge Welder
1 250 x 200 x 130mm ABS enclosure
[Altronics H0364A]
1 Power Supply module (see below)
1 Controller module (see below)
8-14 Energy Storage modules (see below and Tables 1-2)
1 82W 5W 10% resistor (for testing)
1 0.27W 5W 10% resistor (for testing)
1 panel-mount digital voltmeter (optional; to display
selected voltage) [eBay, AliExpress etc]
Switches/connectors
3 two-way polarised header plugs with pins (foot switch,
enable, charge) [3 x Altronics P5472 + 6 x P5470A or
3 x Jaycar HM3402]
12 10-way IDC line sockets
[Altronics P5310 or Jaycar PS0984]
1 3-pin circular microphone inline socket (for footswitch
cable) [Altronics P0949]
1 3-pin circular microphone chassis-mount connector
(for footswitch) [Altronics P0954]
1 footswitch (trigger)
[Altronics S2700 or Jaycar SP0760]
1 miniature chassis-mount SPDT toggle switch (two
pulse select) [Altronics S1310 or Jaycar ST0555]
Wire/cable/etc
1 1m length of 8AWG red power wire (welding lead)
1 1m length of 8AWG black power wire (welding lead)
1 200mm length of 17AWG red tinned extra-heavy-duty
hookup wire [Altronics W2283]
1 200mm length of 17AWG green tinned extra-heavyduty hookup wire [Altronics W2285]
1 1m length of twin speaker cable, rated to handle at
least 5A
1 2m length of two-core heavy-duty microphone cable
(footswitch lead) [Altronics W3028]
1 1m length of 10-way ribbon cable
1 100mm length of 20mm diameter heatshrink tubing
(for welding cables)
1 300mm length of 12.7mm diameter heatshrink tubing
(for handles)
1 100mm length of 10mm diameter heatshrink tubing
(for welding cable lugs)
Hardware
2 260mm length of 10 x 10mm square aluminium bar
(bus bars)
2 100mm length of 10 x 10mm square aluminium bar
(handles)
6 M4 x 10mm panhead machine screws (for handles
and welding connections)
2 M4 shakeproof washers (for welding connections)
10 M3 x 10mm tapped spacers (for joining modules
together)
4 M3 x 16mm panhead machine screws (for Presspahn
shield)
40 M3 x 6mm panhead machine screws (module
connections)
44 M3 shakeproof washers
2 6mm heavy duty eyelet crimp lugs for 7/8AWG wire
[Altronics H1757B]
across the capacitor bank just after the
Welder is triggered. In this test, only one
ESM has been connected. You can see
the sudden drop in voltage to around
5V over about 20ms when the weld is
24
1 60 x 40mm sheet of Presspahn or similar insulating
material [Jaycar HG9985]
Power Supply (one needed)
1 double-sided PCB coded 29103221, 150 x 42.5mm
1 220μH 5A toroidal inductor (L1) [Altronics L6625 or
Mouser 542-2316-V-RC / 542-2200HT-151V-RC]
1 10kW 9mm linear right-angle potentiometer with
plastic shaft (VR1) [Altronics R1906]
1 10A M205 slow-blow fuse (F1)
2 PCB-mount M205 fuse clips (F1)
2 2-way mini terminal blocks, 5/5.08mm pitch
(CON1, CON2)
1 2-way polarised header, 2.54mm pitch (CON3)
1 2x5 pin header (CON4)
1 micro-U TO-220 heatsink (for REG1)
[Altronics H0627]
1 mini-U TO-220 heatsink (for IC1)
[Altronics H0625, Jaycar HH8504]
2 TO-220 insulating kits with silicone washers and
plastic bushes (for REG1 and IC1)
2 M3 x 10-16mm panhead machine screws, shakeproof
washers and nuts (for mounting heatsinks)
4 M3 tapped spacers
8 M3 x 6mm panhead machine screws and shakeproof
washers
1 PCB pin (optional)
Semiconductors
1 MC34167TV or MC33167TV 0-40V 5A integrated buck
regulator, TO-220-5 (IC1)
1 INA282AIDR bidirectional current shunt monitor,
SOIC-8 (IC2)
1 LM358 dual single-supply op amp, DIP-8 (IC3)
1 LM7815 15V 1A linear regulator, TO-220 (REG1)
1 BC546 65V 100mA NPN transistor, TO-92 (Q1)
1 6.2V 400mW zener diode (ZD1)
[1N753, Altronics Z0318]
1 6TQ045-M3 45V 6A schottky diode, TO-220AC (D1)
1 1N4004 400V 1A diode (D2)
2 1N4148 75V 150mA signal diodes (D3, D4)
Capacitors
2 1000μF 50V low-ESR electrolytic
2 220μF 50V low-ESR electrolytic
1 10μF 50V electrolytic
1 2.2μF 50V X7R multi-layer ceramic
6 100nF 50V X7R multi-layer ceramic
1 100nF 50V SMD M2012/0805 size multi-layer
ceramic
Resistors (all 0.25W 1% metal film unless stated)
1 27kW
1 12kW
6 10kW
1 8.2kW (for 5A version)
1 3.3kW (for 5A version)
1 2.2kW
3 1kW
1 0.01W (10mW) 1% 1W shunt [Mouser OAR1R010JLF]
made, and the recharge, which takes a
few hundred milliseconds.
Measurements taken from this screen
capture let us calculate the total capacitance and the weld current using the
formula C = Q ÷ V introduced earlier,
along with C = I ÷ (dV/dt). We know
the charge current I is close to 2A. We
measure a 10.5V increase in voltage over
616ms, so:
Practical Electronics | March | 2023
Controller (one needed)
1 double-sided PCB coded 29103222, 150 x 42.5mm
1 100kW 9mm linear right-angle potentiometer with
plastic shaft (VR2) [Altronics R1908]
3 2-way polarised headers, 2.54mm pitch (CON5, CON6,
CON8)
1 2x5 pin header (CON7)
1 jumper shunt (optional)
Semiconductors
4 LM555 timer ICs, DIP-8 (IC4-IC7)
1 BC556, BC557, BC558 or BC559 30V 100mA PNP
transistor, TO-92 (Q2)
4 1N4148 75V 150mA signal diodes (D5-D8)
Capacitors
2 10μF 50V electrolytic
1 1μF 63V MKT
1 1μF 50V multi-layer ceramic
1 220nF 63V MKT
1 220nF 50V multi-layer ceramic
7 100nF 63V MKT
4 10nF 63V MKT
2 1nF 63V MKT
Resistors (all 0.25W 1% metal film)
1 220kW
2 33kW
3 10kW
1 4.7kW
4 1kW
Energy Storage module (parts for one module)
1 double-sided PCB coded 29103223, 150 x 42.5mm
1 2x5 pin header (CON9)
1 2-way mini terminal blocks, 5/5.08mm pitch (CON10)
4 M3 tapped spacers
8 M3 x 6mm panhead machine screws and shakeproof
washers
Semiconductors
1 TC1427COA713 or IX4340NE dual low-side MOSFET
driver, SOIC-8 (IC8)
2 IRFB7430PbF 40V 409A MOSFETs, TO-220 (Q3, Q4)
1 RFN20NS3SFHTL 20A 350V fast recovery SMD diode
or similar, TO-263S-3/D2PAK (D9)
1 red LED (LED1)
Capacitors
3 39mF 25V high ripple current snap-in capacitors,
10mm lead spacing, 35mm diameter [Mouser
B41231A5399M002 or Digi-Key 338-3743-ND or
alternatives as per Table 1 or 2]
1 1μF 16V X7R ceramic, SMD M2012/0805 size
2 100nF 50V X7R ceramic, SMD M2012/0805 size
Resistors (all SMD 1% M2012/0805 size unless stated)
1 10kW
1 100W
2 10W
1 1.5kW 1W 5% axial (through-hole)
Scope 1: the recharge voltage curve for a single Energy
Storage module at 2A. The voltage increases by 10.5V in
616ms. Note also the discharge curve visible here, which
we calculate as being 130A.
Scope 2: the recharge voltage curve with all ten ESMs
in parallel. This time the charge rate is 5A, and using
the formula given in the text, we calculate the total
capacitance as a hair under 1.2F.
Scope 3: 200A pulse into a load. The yellow trace is the
voltage on the negative output. The blue trace is for the
capacitor voltage, which shows a dip for the initial pulse
then exponential decay.
The welding cables and copper-tipped probes.
C = 2A ÷ (10.5V ÷ 0.616s) = 0.117F, which is pretty much
spot on for three 39,000μF capacitors in parallel.
Scope 2 shows a similar curve for all ten ESMs in parallel.
The voltage increases by 8.03V in two seconds at 4.8A, which
tells us the bank in total is just under 1.2F.
Practical Electronics | March | 2023
Turning now to what happens when the CD Welder
is used, Scope 3 shows the CD Welder set to 15V welding tabs in a typical application. More voltage than this
starts to blow holes in the tabs. This scope grab shows
the 1.17F capacitor bank voltage dropping by 4.416V in
25
Fig.4: the control circuit is based on four of the good
old NE555. When triggered, IC4 generates the fuse
discharge pulse (if the ‘two pulse’ switch is enabled),
IC5 produces the inter-pulse delay, and IC6 delivers
the second welding pulse. VR2 allows the second pulse
duration to be varied between about 0.2ms and 20ms.
Capacitor Discharge Spot Welder
Control Module
Capacitor Discharge Spot Welder
Energy Storage Module (ESM)
Fig.5: the capacitors that store all the energy for welding are mounted on these ESMs, two or three per board. Each ESM
also has two MOSFETs to dump their energy into the welding leads, a dual MOSFET driver to ensure they switch on and
off cleanly, and a back-EMF clamping diode to catch any reverse spikes due to lead and other stray inductances.
2.7ms, which we calculate is a discharge of just under 2000A.
Next month
Next month we’ll have the assembly
26
details of the three modules, then the
whole unit, plus testing and use instructions. In the meantime, you can peruse
the parts list and start gathering the components you will need to build it.
Reproduced by arrangement with
SILICON CHIP magazine 2023.
www.siliconchip.com.au
Practical Electronics | March | 2023
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