This is only a preview of the March 2021 issue of Practical Electronics. You can view 0 of the 72 pages in the full issue. Articles in this series:
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Nutube Guitar
Overdrive and
Distortion
Pedal
by John Clarke
Do you long for that true ‘valve
sound’ in a guitar and distortion
pedal? How about this one – it uses
a unique low-voltage twin triode
valve, so you know it’s the real deal!
E
lectric guitars are almost always played (at
least professionally) with some sort of effects in the
loop. Acoustic guitars with electric pickup can also
take advantage of an effects pedal.
Among the many effects pedals available, overdrive and
distortion are probably the most popular. Some produce a
harsh distortion (as in ‘fuzz boxes’), while others provide
a more gentle form of distortion.
Effects boxes commonly use circuitry with semiconductors such as JFETs for providing these effects, and sometimes
silicon diodes for distortion.
But the ‘Holy Grail’ overdrive effect is produced by
valves. While some solid-state overdrive pedals attempt
to emulate the distortion effect produced by valves when
overdriven, there is no substitute for the real thing.
To date, it has been difficult to incorporate valves into
a small effects pedal. But that has all changed now that
a compact low-voltage 6P1 dual triode is available from
music instrument manufacturer Korg.
We introduced it in the January 2021 issue with our
Valve Preamplifier. This month’s project can be used as a
distortion pedal, an overdrive pedal or a mixture of both.
Two stages of distortion and/or overdrive are included,
and the first stage can be used on its own or in conjunction
with the second stage that’s switched in by the boost pedal.
Overdrive versus distortion
The main difference between overdrive and distortion is
in the type of distortion produced. Overdrive is when an
amplifier is driven with a high signal level, causing the
output to be rounded off and eventually, limited or clipped.
So at low signal levels, there is no or little distortion. The
distortion rises as the signal level increases.
Once the signal becomes limited, the volume remains
constant and does not increase significantly as the input
signal level increases.
A side effect of excessive overdrive is that it tends to
also act as a sustain effect, where the volume level remains
16
constant for some time after the string is struck. The sustain
effect continues until the signal from the guitar drops below
the level required for limiting.
The type of overdrive distortion depends on how the
signal is limited. With valves, the limiting is usually asymmetric, with one polarity of signal excursion more sharply
clamped than the other.
A distortion effect is different, in that there is a deliberate attempt to distort the signal even at low levels, and
the output level is not restricted as much as for overdrive.
In other words, there is generally some distortion at all
signal levels. We have provided some oscilloscope traces
that show the differences between overdrive and distortion
(Scope1-Scope8), later in the article.
Our Guitar Overdrive and Distortion Pedal can be set up
for overdrive or distortion via its control knobs.
Features
• Two distortion stages
• High input impedance suits most pickups
• Gain, output level, distortion and tone controls
• True bypass and boost switches with LED indicators
• Housed in a rugged diecast enclosure
• No high voltages
• Uses a Nutube dual triode with no transformers
• Nutube plate glow is visible
• 30,000-hour Nutube life
• Low power consumption
• Battery or DC plugpack power
• Signal phase preserved from input to output
• Automatic and silent on/off switching
• Power supply reverse-polarity protection
Practical Electronics | March | 2021
If the distortion controls are set to minimum and the gain
increased, the pedal acts as an overdrive, rounding off the
higher signal levels. If the controls are adjusted for more distortion, then it acts as a distortion pedal, with the gain level
determining whether it is also producing an overdrive effect.
The distortion control in each stage can be set at the mid
position for minimum distortion, or closer to either end for
more distortion. When wound anti-clockwise, the negative
half of the waveform is distorted, but the positive half is not
as affected. Conversely, in a more clockwise position, the
positive half of the waveform is distorted, but the negative
portion of the waveform isn’t as affected.
The Overdrive and Distortion Pedal has two stages that
provide distortion, with both used when boost is selected.
If the first stage is set for positive distortion and the second
stage set for negative distortion, both halves of the waveform
will be distorted with boost activated. With the boost off,
only the distortion provided by the first stage is in effect.
This difference is more noticeable if the signal level applied to the second stage is reduced in level to match that
applied to the first stage. This can be achieved by adjusting
a trimpot inside the pedal housing.
A tone control is included that provides treble cut. The
cut-off frequency is adjustable between about 2kHz and
23kHz. A lower cut-off frequency reduces the distortion
harmonics to get the desired sound.
The output levels for when boost is in and out are also
adjustable. How you set these depends on the effect you
want. The level when boost is switched out is typically set
to provide the same output level when bypass is enabled.
When the pedal is in bypass, the input signal is directly
connected to the output. When not in bypass, the signal
passes through the distortion and overdrive circuitry.
You could set the output level when boost is selected for
a higher level, or at the same level as when boost is off. In
general, the boosted output sounds louder anyway, due to
the more squared waveform and added harmonics.
Presentation
The Overdrive and Distortion Pedal is housed in a rugged
diecast aluminium case. It has two foot switches, six rotary
controls and three indicator LEDs. Clear bezels are located
over the two dual triode plates so that the grid bias setting
can be observed (more about this later) and so that everyone
can see your magnificent valves glowing.
Two 6.35mm (1/4-inch) jack sockets at the rear provide
signal input and output connections, with a DC socket
to supply power. The unit can also be powered from an
internal 9V battery. Power is automatically switched on
when a plug is inserted into the output socket
IC1a,
IC1b
INPUT
CON1
BYPASS
SWITCH
S2a
Fig.1: the basic layout of the
Nutube Distortion Pedal. When
bypass is not being used, the
signal is amplified and buffered
by IC1a and IC2b, then further
amplified and distorted by valve
V1b. It is then fed to valve V1a
for further amplification and
distortion, and the boost switch
determines whether the output
from the first or second valve
goes (via level adjustment pots
VR5 and VR6) to the tone control
section and on to the output.
Practical Electronics | March | 2021
GAIN
The Valve Guitar Overdrive and Distortion Pedal is housed
in a sturdy diecast case, not only for hum minimisation but
to ensure heavy-footed ‘axepersons’ don’t do any damage in
the heat of the moment. It operates from 9-12V DC (yes, it is
a genuine valve) so you can use it with a plugpack supply or
even a battery.
Operation
Fig.1 shows a simplified block diagram of the Overdrive and
Distortion Pedal. The signal from the guitar at CON1 can pass
directly to the output at CON2 via bypass switch S2b. When
bypassed, the signal passes to the first gain stage. This has
a high input impedance buffer stage (IC1a), an attenuator
(potentiometer VR1) and an 11-times amplifier (IC1b).
The first distortion stage uses one of the Nutube Triodes
(V1b) to provide amplification and distortion. The amount
of distortion produced by this stage is adjustable via potentiometer VR2.
The output of V1b is buffered by op amp IC2a. As V1b
inverts the signal, the output of IC1a is fed to an inverter
DISTORTION
STAGE 1
V1b, IC2a
VR1
DISTORTION
STAGE 2
V1a, IC3b
LEVEL
–1
VR2
IC2b
INVERTER VR4
VR3
VR6
VR5
LEVEL
LEVEL
BOOST SWITCH
S3a
SC
Reproduced by arrangement with
SILICON CHIP magazine 2021.
www.siliconchip.com.au
TONE
IC4b, IC4a,VR7
BYPASS
SWITCH
S2b
OUTPUT
CON2
2020
17
Design specifications
• Supply ............................................................9-12V DC <at> 47mA with bypass and boost LEDs off (+6mA for each LED)
• Gain ................................................................32dB maximum with boost off; up to 43dB with boost on
• Frequency response .......................................–0.6dB at 20Hz. Upper frequency response is dependent on the tone setting
• Tone control .........................................................20dB/dec high-cut filter, –3db point varies from 2.12-23.4kHz with tone control
• Maximum input and output swing ..................2.3V RMS for 9V supply; 3.3V RMS for 12V supply
• Minimum signal level for overdrive limiting....55mV without boost, 15.5mV with boost
• Signal to noise ratio........................................82dB with respect to 55mV in and 55mV out.
(IC2b), restoring its original polarity. The output level from
the inverter is adjusted by VR5, and the signal then goes
to one side of the boost switch, S3a.
The output from before inverter IC2b is also applied
to a level-adjustment trimpot (VR4) and then fed to the
second distortion stage. This allows the second distortion
and overdrive block to have the same input signal level as
the first block. In that case, VR4 is adjusted to reduce the
signal level from the first stage by about 15dB.
Alternatively, VR4 can be set to provide the full signal
level to the second distortion block, to maximise limiting
and overdrive.
The second distortion block circuitry is the same as the
first, only it uses triode V1a and buffer IC3b. Potentiometer VR3 sets the distortion level while the output level is
adjusted with potentiometer VR6. The resulting signal is
applied to the other side of the boost switch, S3b.
So the boost can select between the signals from the first
or second distortion stages. The selected signal goes to the
tone control with adjustable high-frequency cut, as set by
potentiometer VR7.
The output from the tone control then goes to one side of
the bypass switch, S2b. The bypass switch selects between
this signal or the input signal at CON1 (when in bypass).
The Nutube twin triode
One of the things that makes the Nutube so special is that
it can run at a very low voltage. Traditional valves require
a high anode voltage (above 100V). The Nutube 6P1 was
developed by Korg and Noritake Itron of Japan. While it is
+5V
+5V
Vaa/2
Vaa/2
Vaa
Vaa
Vaa'
8.2k
100nF
1M
100 F
VR2
10k
1M
330k
LIN
INPUT
CON1
S2a
6.2k
FB1
100
100nF
BYPASS
2
100nF
8
3
IC1a
1
VR1
10k
4
100pF
7
IC1b
6
GAIN
33k
A2
5
10 F
1M
100nF
NUTUBE
V1b
G2
10k
LOG
10 F
DISTORTION
STAGE 1
F3
F2
10 F
1k
470pF
100 F
IC1 – IC4: OPA1662AID
CON4
D1 1N5819
A
(ACTUATED
VIA CON2)
S1
CON3
10
Vaa
K
REG1 LP2950CT-5.0
IN
9V
BATTERY
OUT
Vaa/2
3
GND
100 F
10k
+5V
510
100 F
A
POWER
100 F
10k
2
IC3a
1
LED1
K
SC GUITAR
Guitar
Overdrive
and &
Distortion
Pedal
OVERDRIVE
DISTORTION
PEDAL
2020
1
Fig.2: the circuit diagram of the Valve Guitar Overdrive and Distortion Pedal. Potentiometers VR2 and VR3 set the grid
bias voltages for valves V1b and V1a, and in doing so, determine the amount and nature of distortion that they introduce.
The signal from the output of V1b to the input of V1a (via buffer IC2a and attenuator VR4) also goes to pin 6 of IC2b,
which acts as an inverter, so that the non-boosted and boosted signals on either side of switch S3a are in-phase.
18
Practical Electronics | March | 2021
a directly-heated triode with a filament, grid and plate, it is
made in a way that more resembles a vacuum fluorescent
display (VFD) than a traditional valve (or tube).
The Nutube has rectangular glass encapsulation, and
each triode comprises a single-pixel VFD. Its internal
construction has the heater filament as a fine-gauge wire
running across the front, with the metal mesh grid located
below that. Behind the grid is the plate (or anode), which
is phosphor-coated and glows when the filament is heated.
The filament wire is held taut, so it can vibrate (like a
guitar string). This vibration is not necessarily a wanted
feature as it can be the source of microphonics, where an
external sound can couple to the filament and alter (or
modulate) the audio signal being amplified. As a result,
this vibration is heard in the sound. Careful construction
methods can minimise microphonics. This includes protecting the Nutube from surrounding air vibrations, by using
flexible wiring, and a vibration-damped mounting method.
In operation, the Nutube draws minimal current, with
each filament requiring just 17mA. The grid and plate
currents total around 38µA. The Nutube is best operated
with a plate voltage of 5-30V. The load-line curves show
that within this voltage range, the grid voltage needs to be
above the cathode filament voltage.
This is different from the traditional triode, where plate
voltages are much higher, and the grid voltage is usually
negative with respect to the cathode. Nutube distortion can
be adjusted by varying its grid bias voltage.
+5V
Circuit details
The circuit is shown in Fig.2. You can see the two halves
of the Nutube near the upper middle, with both connected
as common-cathode amplifiers; the cathode filaments are
connected to ground at pin F3. Signals are applied to the
grids (G2 and G1), and the resulting amplified signal appears at the anodes (or plates), A2 and A1. The anodes have
resistive loads to the positive supply, Vaa.
The Nutube triodes have a relatively low grid input
impedance and high output impedances at the anodes.
Therefore, buffers are used; one to provide a low-impedance
drive for the grid of each triode, and others to keep the
anode load impedances high. These op amps (OPA1662A)
have very low noise and distortion, of around 0.00006% at
1kHz, 3V RMS, and unity gain. So the op amps do not affect
the sound of the signal in any way. Any noise or distortion
they might introduce is dominated by that from the triodes.
The signal path is as follows. When the bypass switch
(S2a) is in the non-bypass position, the signal passes
through ferrite bead FB1 and a 100 stopper resistor. These,
in conjunction with the 100pF capacitor, stop RF signals
from entering the circuit, which may result in unwanted
radio frequency detection and reception. The 100pF capacitor also provides loading for piezo guitar string pickups.
The signal is AC-coupled to pin 3 of op amp IC1a and
biased to half supply (Vaa/2) via a 1Mresistor. The Pedal’s
input impedance is therefore high at 1M, making it suitable for a piezo guitar pickup.
+5V
+5V
Vaa/2
Vaa
Vaa
Vaa
Vaa'
100 F
10k
100nF
8
IC2a
2
VR4
20k
NUTUBE
V1a
G1
F1
F2
13k
8
5
7
IC3b
6
510
10 F
4
10 F
10k
K
TRIM
10 F
4
A
LED3
A1
DISTORTION
STAGE 2
1
S3b
BOOST
100nF
100nF
VR3
10k
LIN
3
150
1M
330k
VR6
10k
10 F
6
10 F
NON-BOOST
LEVEL
BOOST
LEVEL
BOOST
LOG
7
IC2b
5
Vaa/2
VR5
10k
LOG
S3a
10k
200
+5V
Vaa
Vaa
Vaa/2
Vaa/2
S2c
LED2
100nF
1M
100nF
5
6
8
7
IC4b
1M
TONE
VR7
10k LIN
10 F
510
A
BYPASS
BYPASS
100nF
1k
3
2
4
K
IC4a
1
10 F
RLY1
S2b
100
BYPASS
10k
6.8nF
7,8
1,14
6
2
OUTPUT
CON2
D2 1N4148
A
K
+5V
+5V
100nF
K
K
A
LEDS
1N5819
1N4148
A
K
A
LP2950
IC1 – 5
8
IN
8
4
3
IC5
7555
2
OUT
10 F
Practical Electronics | March | 2021
7
6
GND
4
1
470k
5
1
19
MICROSWITCH ACTUATOR ARM
UNDER CON 2 CONTACT
A
GND
1M
1M
10k
100 F
REG1
100 F
VR1,5,6: 10k A
VR2,3,7: 10k B
100F
VR4
2 0k
100nF
LED3
200
A
LED2
A
BYPASS
+
10 F
10 F
10 F
10 F
NUTUBE
33k
+
100F
330k
6P1
IC4
100nF
1k
100nF
F1
1M
G1
9V BATTERY
TONE
13k
330k
6.8nF
VR7
100nF
GND
A2 F2 E A1
FB1
S3
470k
10 F
10k
G2
NUTUBE
F3
5819
IC1 –IC4 : OPA1662
VR3
10 F
D1
100nF
IC3
+
100pF
150
10 F
100nF
VR2
100nF
+
+
IC2
6.2k
1M
1M
8.2k
10k
100nF
10 F
10k
GAIN
1k
10 F
100nF
470pF
10 F
10k
VR6
4148
IC5 7555
+
CON4
100 F
VR5
IC1
100nF
D2
CON2
100nF
CON3
1M
IN
OUT
+
10k
510
RLY1 SY4030
CON1
VR1
100
–
LED1
100 F
GUITAR OVERDRIVE PEDAL
S1
100
510
10k
510
01102201
REV.B
C 2020
S2
BOOST
(TOP OF PCB)
(UNDERSIDE OF PCB)
Fig.3: these PCB overlay diagrams show where all the parts go on both sides of the board. Note how the lever of
microswitch S1 is touching jack socket CON2 (also see photos). And while potentiometers VR1-VR3 and VR5-VR7 look
identical, and are all 10k pots, some are linear and some are logarithmic, as described adjacent to the board. Be sure to
orient the ICs, diodes, LEDs, electrolytic capacitors and RLY1 as shown here.
The half-supply rail (Vaa/2) is derived by two 10k resistors in series across the Vaa supply. It is bypassed with
a 100µF capacitor to remove supply noise, and buffered
by unity-gain amplifier IC3a.
The output of IC1a is AC-coupled to the level control,
VR1, which then feeds IC1b. IC1b provides 11-times gain.
So when VR1 is at maximum, the output signal from IC1a is
directly applied to the IC1b amplifier for an overall gain of 11.
With reduced settings for VR1, there is less overall gain
from input to the output of IC1b.
The signal from the output of IC1b drives the grid (G2)
of Nutube V1b via a 10µF coupling capacitor. This grid is
DC-biased via a 33kresistor connected to the wiper of potentiometer VR2. VR2 is adjusted to set the operating point
and hence, distortion produced by V1b. VR2’s wiper voltage
range is restricted to 1.27-3.3V by 8.2kand 6.2kpadder
Scope1: the input signal is shown at the top and the output
signal at the bottom. Here the first distortion control is
set for minimum distortion (mid-position), with the gain
control set so that there is no overdrive. Therefore, the
output waveform is similar to the input.
Scope2: using the same settings as in Scope1, except that
the first distortion control is rotated fully clockwise.
The lower trace shows flat-topping of the sinewave for
the positive portion of the waveform, which results in
significant distortion.
20
Practical Electronics | March | 2021
Front and back views of the PCB as
shown in Fig.3. The eyelet on the
green wire attaches to a screw and
nut on the diecast box. There are
only a few components on the rear
of the board – but don’t miss IC5
hiding up near the top!
resistors. This provides a good range of distortion variation.
The resistor values were chosen so that the centre position
for VR2 provides the lowest distortion for V1b.
The amplified signal appears at the plate of V1b (A2).
This has a 330kload to Vaa via a 150decoupling resistor.
The supply is bypassed using a 100µF capacitor to remove
supply ripple.
The high-impedance anode signal is again AC-coupled to
another op amp buffer (IC2a) via a 100nF capacitor, biased
to half supply with a 1Mresistor. This resistor loads the
anode and so reduces the signal swing by about 25%. This
is unavoidable in such a high-impedance circuit.
The output signal from IC2a goes to IC2b, a unity-gain inverter, which inverts the signal to compensate for the inversion by V1b. It also goes to the grid of V1a via trimpot VR4.
The trimpot allows the signal to be attenuated (if desired)
before being applied to the grid. V1a’s grid bias is adjusted
by potentiometer VR3 from 1.96-3.48V. These voltages are
higher than for V1b for reasons explained below.
The output signal from the anode (A1) of V1a is buffered
by IC3b, similarly to how IC2a buffers the output of V1b.
The signals from both IC2b and IC3b drive level-adjustment
potentiometers VR5 and VR6, respectively. The wipers of
these potentiometers connect to either side of the boost
switch, S3a. S3a therefore selects between the outputs of
the first and second distortion stages.
Note that in the second stage, triode V1a inverts the signal
in the same way that op amp IC2b does. So both signals applied to S3a have the same phase. The signal selected by the
boost switch is applied to buffer IC4b, ensuring that neither
VR5 nor VR6 is unduly loaded. This buffer also provides a
low impedance drive for the following tone control circuitry.
This comprises a simple low-pass filter with a corner frequency controlled by potentiometer VR7. The tone control
provides a 20dB per decade (6dB/octave) roll-off of high
frequencies. The roll-off (–3dB) point starts at about 23kHz
when VR7 is fully anti-clockwise, so the tone control essentially does nothing. The roll-off frequency drops to about
2kHz when VR7 is wound fully clockwise. The resistance
of VR7 and the 1k fixed series resistor sets the RC time
constant of the filter. The –3dB point can be calculated
as 1/(2RC), where C is 6.8nF, and R varies from 1-11k.
IC4a buffers the output of the tone control RC network. The
signal from IC4a is then AC-coupled with a 100µF capacitor
Scope3 (left): the first stage distortion control is now set
fully-anticlockwise. The top trace is the input signal, while
the lower trace shows the flat topping (or is that bottoming?)
of the sinewave on negative excursions. Scope4 (right): the
gain is increased to set up an overdrive situation with the first
distortion control set for minimum distortion (mid-way). The
output level control is adjusted down to reduce the output
signal level, compensating for the high gain at the input. Note
how flat the negative portion of the waveform is; more signal
would increase this and begin to flatten the positive portion.
Practical Electronics | March | 2021
21
The 6P1 valve mounts on four 6.3mm nylon standoffs, as
shown in these photos. This helps minimise microphonics
which could otherwise be a problem.
to remove the DC bias and is fed to bypass switch S2b, then
through RLY1 and to output connector CON2. The output
signal goes through a 100isolation resistor to stop IC4a
from oscillating should long (capacitive) leads be connected.
When S2 is set to the bypass position, the input signal
at CON1 bypasses the distortion/overdrive circuitry, and
the input to IC1a is tied to ground. This prevents switching
noise when not bypassing, by keeping the 100nF capacitor
at IC1a’s input charged.
To prevent any audio noise when power is switched on
and off, the output signal passes through the contact of
relay RLY1, which is open when power is off. At power-on,
the relay contact only closes after a delay, to allow time for
the voltages in the circuit to stabilise. More on this later.
Filament current
Like most thermionic valves, the Nutube has heater filaments.
There is one for each triode, between the pins labelled F1
and F2 for V1a and between F2 and F3 for V1b. These filaments are connected in series, with F2 being the junction.
There are two ways of driving these filaments. Current
can be supplied to F1 and F3 via separate resistors with
F2 tied to ground. In this case, 17mA flows through each
filament for a total of 34mA. Or, like in our circuit, F1 or
F3 can be connected to ground and current is supplied to
the opposite end of the pair of filaments, so the same 17mA
flows through both, halving the total current requirement.
Scope5: the settings as the same as in Scope4, but with the
Stage1 distortion control set fully clockwise. This produces
a more square form of overdrive; the incoming sinewave is
being converted into a sort of rounded square wave.
22
The latter is more efficient and enhances battery life. In
our circuit, F3 is tied to ground, F2 is effectively open (with
just a bypass capacitor connected) and current supplied
via a 200resistor from 5V to F1. F1 is also bypassed with
10µF capacitor, which forms an RC low-pass filter with the
200resistor. These two capacitors reduce noise in the circuit.
The disadvantage of connecting the filaments in series is
that, due to the voltage drop across the filaments, the cathode of one triode will sit at 0.7V rather than 0V. This means
that the two triodes need 0.7V different grid bias voltages
to operate in the same manner. This is the reason for the
different grid-voltage adjustment ranges for potentiometers
VR2 and VR3, due to their different padder resistors.
Indicators LED1-LED3 are powered from the 5V supply
via 510resistors. LED1 is the power indicator, and it runs
off the 5V rail. The bypass (LED2) and boost (LED3) LEDs are
only powered when the bypass and boost switches are on.
Power supply
The circuit powers up when microswitch S1 is activated
by a jack plug being inserted into CON2. The plug pushes
Scope6: the same settings as in Scope4 and Scope5, but with
the first distortion stage control set fully anti-clockwise. The
output waveform is now very flat on negative excursions but
mostly undistorted on positive excursions.
Practical Electronics | March | 2021
14 holes and two slots are drilled/cut in the diecast case.
Note these holes are in the bottom and end of the case. (See
dimensioned drilling diagram on page 36).
The PCB
mounts
upside-down
in the case, as
seen here, with
the case lid
becoming the base.
All controls emerge
through what was the
base – which is now the front panel. Five bezels in the
panel show the status of the LEDs and 6P1 Twin Triode.
the filaments. It also supplies power to 5V relay RLY1. A
100µF capacitor bypasses the input supply to REG1, and
its output voltage is filtered similarly.
on the ground pin in CON2, and this lifts the microswitch
actuator to power the circuit. This is a slightly unconventional method of switching power, but it works reliably.
We decided to do it this way, rather than using a PCBmount jack socket with an isolated internal switch or a
panel-mount wired socket, mainly because those socket types
are not universally available, while the type we are using is.
When there is no DC plug inserted, the DC socket (CON3)
connects the negative end of the battery to ground, so the
circuit will be powered from the battery when S1 is closed.
When a power plug is inserted, the battery negative is disconnected, and the unit runs from the DC power supplied
to CON3. In either case, schottky diode D1 prevents damage if the battery or DC power plug polarity is incorrect.
REG1 is a low-dropout, low quiescent current 5V linear
regulator. Its main purpose is to maintain a constant grid
voltage for the Nutube triodes and a constant voltage for
Relay delay
As mentioned, RLY1 switches on after a delay when power
is first applied. IC5, a CMOS version of the 555 timer,
provides this delay. When power is first applied, the 10µF
capacitor at its trigger input (pin 2) and threshold input (pin
6) is discharged. The pin 3 output is at 5V, which drives
the bottom end of the relay. There is no voltage across the
relay coil, so it is off.
When the 10µF capacitor charges to 66% of the 5V supply (3.33V), the threshold voltage is reached and the pin 3
output goes low, energising the relay coil.
RLY1 is a reed relay with a meagre 10mA coil current
requirement, so IC5 can drive the coil directly. Diode D2
Scope7 (left): with boost on, the waveform is now so
overdriven and limited that the output waveform is almost
square. Scope8 (right): this shows the effect of the tone
control when set for maximum high-cut. The settings are
the same as in Scope7, except for the tone control. Note
the difference between the squared waveform in Scope7
and the rounded off surf-wave-like effect here, due to the
operation of the tone control.
Practical Electronics | March | 2021
23
Parts list – Nutube Guitar Effects Pedal
1 double-sided PCB coded 01102201, measuring 86 × 112mm
1 panel label
1 119 × 94 × 34mm diecast enclosure [Jaycar HB5067]
1 Korg Nutube 6P1 double triode thermionic valve (V1) [RS Components 144-9016]
2 6.35mm PCB jack sockets (CON1,CON2) [Jaycar PS0195]
1 2-pin PCB-mount header with 2.54mm spacing (CON4)
[Jaycar HM3412, Altronics P5492]
1 PCB-mount DC power socket (CON3) [Jaycar PS0520, Altronics P0621A]
1 2-pin polarised header plug [Jaycar HM3402, Altronics P5472 + 2 x P5470A]
1 C&K ZMA03A150L30PC microswitch or equivalent (S1) [eg, Jaycar SM1036]
2 3PDT footswitches (S2,S3) [Jaycar SP0766, Altronics S1155]
1 5V DIL reed relay (RLY1) [Jaycar SY4030, Altronics S4100]
6 11.5mm diameter 6mm tall 18-tooth spline knobs
[RS Components 299-4783] (see text)
1 4mm OD, 5mm-long ferrite bead (FB1) [Altronics L5250A, Jaycar LF1250]
5 5mm clear LED bezels [RS Components 171-1931]
1 6.3mm mono jack plug or jack plug lead (to test power switching)
1 9V battery
1 9V battery clip lead
1 9 x 45mm piece of 1-1.5mm-thick aluminium sheet
1 PC stake (GND)
1 solder lug (for grounding enclosure)
4 stick-on rubber feet OR
4 M4 x 10mm nylon screws – see text
4 6.3mm-long M3 tapped nylon spacers (to go under Nutube)
4 M3 x 6mm nylon or polycarbonate screws (for Nutube spacers)
1 9mm-long M3 tapped nylon spacer (support for PCB)
2 M3 x 6mm screws (for solder lug and 9mm spacer)
1 M3 nut and star washer (for solder lug)
1 160mm length of 0.25mm diameter enamel copper wire
1 50mm length of green medium duty hookup wire
2 100mm cable ties
Semiconductors
4 OPA1662AID dual op amps, SOIC-8 (IC1-IC4) [RS Components 825-8424]
1 ICM7555CBA CMOS timer, SOIC-8 (IC5)
1 1N5819 1A schottky diode (D1)
1 1N4148 small signal diode (D2)
1 LP2950CT-5.0 5V LDO regulator (REG1)
3 5mm high-intensity LEDs (one green and two red recommended)
Capacitors
6 100µF 16V PC electrolytic
10 10µF 16V PC electrolytic
11 100nF MKT polyester
1 6.8nF MKT polyester
1 470pF ceramic
1 100pF ceramic
Resistors (all 0.25W, 1% metal film)
6 1M 1 470k 2 330k 1 33k 1 13k 7 10k
1 8.2k 1 6.2k
1 1k
3 510 1 200 1 150
2 100
1 20k miniature horizontal trimpot (VR4) [Altronics R2481B, Jaycar RT4362]
3 10k vertical 9mm log (A) pots (VR1,VR5 and VR6) [Altronics R1958]
3 10k vertical 9mm linear (B) pots (VR2,VR3 and VR7) [Altronics R1946]
Miscellaneous
Solder, solder wick, clear neutral-cure silicone sealant (eg, roof and gutter silicone)
shunts the back-EMF voltage from the
coil when RLY1 is switched off.
Note that RLY1 prevents a bypass
signal from getting to the output when
the Pedal is powered off. However, since
24
power is switched on automatically
when a plug is inserted into output connector CON2, and you can’t get a signal
from the unit without anything plugged
into CON2, this is not a big problem.
The infill piece we made to cover the
slots (as seen opposite). Fig.4 (below)
shows the dimensions.
Construction
The Overdrive and Distortion Pedal is
built using a double-sided PCB coded
01102201, measuring 86 × 112mm and
available from the PE PCB Service at:
www.electronpublishing.com
It is housed in a diecast enclosure
measuring 119 × 94 × 34mm. Fig.3
shows the PCB assembly details.
Begin by fitting the surface-mounting
parts on the top side of the PCB, ie, IC1IC4, followed by IC5 on the underside.
These are not difficult to solder using
a fine-tipped soldering iron.
Good close-up vision is necessary;
you may need to use a magnifying lens
or glasses to see well enough.
Make sure that these components
are oriented correctly before soldering
in place. Also, check that IC5 is the
7555 timer. For each device, solder
one pad first and check its alignment.
Adjust the component’s position by
reheating the solder joint if necessary
before soldering the remaining pins. If
any of the pins are bridged by solder,
use solder wick to remove it.
Note that adjacent pins 1 and 2 of
IC1, IC2, and IC4 and pins 6 and 7 of
both IC3 and IC4 connect together on
the PCB, so a solder bridge between
these pins is acceptable.
Continue construction by mounting
the resistors on the top side of the PCB
(use your DMM to check the values),
followed by the ferrite bead (FB1).
Feed a resistor lead off-cut through
the bead and bend the lead to fit the
PCB pads. Push the bead lead down so
that it sits flush against the PCB before
soldering its leads.
BLANKING PIECE:
9 x 45 x 1–1.5mm
ALUMINIUM
OPTIONAL 'FILL'
PIECES
2.5mm THICK
18.5
10.75
11.75
Fig.4: cut a piece of aluminium as shown
to partially cover the slots, with the two
optional plastic pieces glued to it to fully
cover those spaces.
Practical Electronics | March | 2021
The 6.35mm input and output sockets need to be slid into
place which necessitates slots, rather than holes (see the
drilling photo on the next page). We fashioned an infill
piece from scrap aluminium (seen opposite) the same size
as the slots, held in place by the sockets themselves and
their washers/nuts.
(Right): rather than glue feet on the lid of the case (which
becomes the base) we used four M4 nylon pan-head
(round-topped) screws which act as pretty robust feet, their
heads being slightly proud of the surface. We reasoned
that glue-on feet probably wouldn’t last long in use but the
screws should last.
The resistors that mount on the underside of the PCB
can be installed now. Solder these from the top side of the
PCB and trim the leads close to the PCB. Diodes D1 and
D2 can then be mounted – note they are different types.
Take care to orient them correctly.
Now fit the MKT and two ceramic capacitors, followed
by the electrolytic capacitors, which are polarised. Their
longer leads go to the pads marked with a ‘+’ on the PCB.
The two 100nF and two 100µF capacitors that mount on
the underside of the PCB need to lie on their sides.
Next, install trimpot VR4 on the underside, soldering its
pads on the top side. VR4 might be marked as ‘203’ rather
than ‘20k’.
Follow with potentiometers VR1-VR3 and VR5-VR7, noting that VR1, VR5, and VR6 are logarithmic types (marked
‘A’) and VR2, VR3 and VR7 are linear types (marked ‘B’).
These pots may be labelled as ‘103’ instead of ‘10k’.
The next step is to fit REG1 by splaying its leads slightly
to fit the hole arrangement on the PCB. Also, install the PC
stake at the GND test point. The locking header for the battery lead can be fitted now, then RLY1, the two jack sockets
and the DC socket.
Switch S1 is mounted so that the lever is captured under
the front sleeve contact of the CON2 jack socket. We have
provided slotted holes so the switch can be inserted and
slid, so the lever enters under the contact.
Check that the switch is open circuit, between the two
outside pins, when there is no jack plug inserted. There
must be continuity between the two outside pins when a
jack plug is inserted.You may need to bend S1’s lever a
little so that the switch works reliably.
Mount foot switches S2 and S3 now. Make sure these
are perfectly vertical before soldering their pins. The LEDs
are mounted later when the PCB is installed in its case.
each Nutube lead. Note that molten solder held over the
end of the wire will burn off the enamel so that the wire
can be soldered.
There are two leads for F1 and two leads for F3 at each
end of the Nutube. The two leads are connected together,
so only one wire is needed to connect each pair to the PCB.
Fix the four 6.3mm nylon spacers to the PCB under where
the Nutube mounts, using nylon or polycarbonate screws.
Place small dobs of neutral-cure silicone sealant on top of
each spacer, then sit the Nutube on top. There should be a
1mm silicone bead between each spacer and the underside
of the Nutube envelope. Ensure the Nutube is correctly
positioned and wait for the silicone to cure.
The next step is to cut the battery wires to 60mm long,
then crimp or solder them to the polarised plug pins. Insert
these terminals into the plug shell, making sure you get the
red and black wires in the correct position for polarity: ‘+’
to red and ‘–’ to black.
A grounding wire is required to connect the case to the
GND terminal on the PCB. This prevents hum injection to
the circuit via the enclosure. Solder the wire to the lug at
one end and the GND terminal at the other.
Heatshrink tubing can be used over the lug terminal
and the GND PC stake. When assembled, the solder lug
is secured to the case using M3 x 6mm screw, star washer
and M3 nut.
Wiring
The Nutube is mounted with its envelope parallel to the
PCB. Its leads are soldered to the pads on top of the PCB
using short lengths of enamelled copper wire. This wire
helps prevent microphonics in the Nutube, by giving a
flexible connection.
Bend the Nutube leads back under the body and solder
20mm lengths of the 0.25mm enamelled copper wire to
Practical Electronics | March | 2021
Powering up and testing
If you are planning to use a battery, connect it now. Alternatively, plug in a 9-12V DC supply to CON3. Insert a jack
plug into CON2 to switch on the power.
Set your multimeter to read DC volts, connect the negative probe to the GND terminal and measure the regulator
input and output voltages. The input should be about
0.3V below the DC supply. The regulator output should
be between 4.95V and 5.05V.
Also, check that RLY1 switches on after about five seconds. You should hear a quiet click.
Centre VR2 so that the left-hand plate of the Nutube lights
up at its brightest. Similarly, adjust VR3 so the right-hand
plate of the Nutube glows brightest. Note that when the
signal passes through the unit, the plate glow will dim a
bit. Set VR4 fully clockwise for now.
25
CL
F
C
C
E
19.25
18
11
11
(JACK SOCKET END OF ENCLOSURE)
22.2
8.6
3
22.6
LID
SC
(JACK SOCKET END OF ENCLOSURE)
B
2020
HOLE DIAMETERS:
HOLES A: 6.0 mm
HOLES B: 6.3 mm
(OR 5 mm IF BEZELS NOT USED)
HOLES C: 11.0 mm
24.25
HOLES D: 12.0 mm
HOLE E:
3.0 mm
HOLE F:
7.0 mm
15
(BASE OF ENCLOSURE)
16.5
16.5
A
A
A
24.25
CL
5
A
A
16.5
25.5
It’s a good idea to add rubber feet so it won’t move during
use. While you could apply stick-on rubber feet to the lid,
we weren’t convinced they would stay stuck on during the
rough and tumble of use.
So we replaced the original lid securing screws with
Nylon M4 panhead screws instead. The heads are proud
of the surface by a couple of millimetres and hence act as
the feet. However, to allow this, the holes in the enclosure
for the original mounting screws had to be drilled out to
3.5mm then tapped using an M4 tap.
Fig.6 shows the lid panel artwork we have prepared
for the Pedal. It can be downloaded from the March 2021
page of the PE website and printed out (the download also
includes the drilling templates).
To help protect it, you can print the label onto overhead
projector film as a mirror image, so the ink will be between
the enclosure and film when affixed. Use projector film that
is suitable for your printer (either inkjet or laser) and affix
using clear neutral-cure silicone sealant. Squeegee out the
lumps and air bubbles before the silicone cures. Once cured,
cut out the holes through the film with a hobby or craft knife.
A
16.5
45
Mounting the PCB
Attach the 9mm M3 tapped spacer to the rear of the PCB using
an M3 screw through the top. The hole is located between
CON1 and CON2. This spacer keeps the PCB in place by
resting on the lid when the case is assembled.
If you haven’t already done so, solder the ground to the
GND PC stake on the top of the PCB and shrink a short
length of heatshrink tubing over the stake. The ground lug
mounting position is adjacent to the DC socket. Secure this
using an M3 screw, star washer and nut before the PCB is
inserted into the case.
B
B
IN
16
8.75
OUT
8.75
9-12VDC
+
16
POWER
GUITAR
.
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . OVERDRIVE
.
. .
. .
.
AND
..
..
.
.
+
+
+
.
. .
. .
.
.
. .
. .
. DISTORTION
PEDAL
(Jack plug inserted)
D
B
B
CL
D
Fig.5: drill the holes in the enclosure base and side as shown.
Two of the holes in the side need to be slotted so that the
sockets can slide down into place. The only hole required
in the lid is optional, to access VR4; use the PCB to locate
this hole if you’ve decided to drill it. (You can download this
guide from the March 2021 page of the PE website.)
Housing it
We use the lid of the diecast enclosure as the base, and the
main body becomes the top. The drilling diagram (Fig.5)
shows where holes are made in the base and side of the
case, and can also be used as a template. Holes are required
for the potentiometer shafts, LED bezels, Nutube viewing
holes and the footswitches on the main panel area.
Cut-out slots are also required for the two jack sockets
and DC power inlet, at the end of the box. Slots, rather
than holes, are required so that the jack sockets can be
manoeuvered into place.
To stop dirt and other gunk from entering the case
we made a 45mm x 9mm blanking piece from a sheet of
1-1.5mm thick aluminium. This covers the slots from the
inside, after the jack sockets have been inserted. We also
added some shaped plastic pieces to fill the slots to the
same level as the outside of the enclosure.
This is optional; the fill pieces can be glued to the backing
piece, as shown in the drawing and photograph.
26
OUTPUT LEVEL
Min.
Min.
Max.
DRIVE
Max.
Min.
BOOST OFF
Max.
BOOST ON
DISTORTION SETTINGS
0
..
.
.
.
0
. .
. .
..
. .
+
.
B
Y
P
A
S
S
+
. .
..
. .
+
+
.
.
.
.
+
.
Off
Hi Cut
TONE
STAGE2
View
Triode
. .
.
.
-
+
STAGE1
..
.
+
+
+
. .
.
.
-
‘Genuine
Valve
Sound’
..
.
CHIP
SILICON
www.siliconchip.com.au
+
+
B
O
O
S
T
Fig.6 (right): same-size front panel artwork which fits on
the bottom of the diecast case (which of course becomes
the top). It’s easiest to cut the holes once the panel has been
glued in position. Note our comments re longevity of this
panel – it’s likely to suffer some pretty rough treatment!
(Download from the March 2021 page of the PE website.)
Practical Electronics | March | 2021
Orient the solder lug so that the wire is closest to the enclosure’s base and so does not foul any components on the PCB.
Insert the LED bezels from the outside of the case. The
Nutube viewing holes also require bezels to stop dirt and
dust from getting in. They can be held in place with small
cables ties, pressing them against the inside of the enclosure,
then glued in place with silicone sealant.
Before putting the PCB into the enclosure, insert the LEDs
into the PCB holes. The longer anode leads must go into the
holes marked ‘A’ on the PCB. Place the nylon washers for the
footswitches onto each switch shaft, then fit the PCB into the
enclosure. Push the LEDs into position in their bezels to capture them, then solder the LED leads from the rear of the PCB.
The battery compartment is made from a rectangular cutout on the PCB. The battery can be prevented from moving
by packing some of the foam packaging supplied with the
Nutube around it.
Insert this between the end of the battery and the edge of
the PCB. If you are not using a battery, unplug the battery
clip from CON3 and remove it to prevent the contacts from
shorting against the board.
Knobs
Since the potentiometer shafts do not protrude much more
than 9mm above the lid, you can’t use standard knobs with
a skirt. The skirts are intended to cover the potentiometer
securing nut but there is no nut here, resulting in insufficient
internal fluting to secure the knobs to the shafts.
There are two ways around this; either use knobs without
a skirt, or cut the skirts off. The knobs mentioned in the parts
list don’t have skirts.
If you can’t get those for some reason, you can purchase
Jaycar knobs in the HK7730-7734 range (we recommend Cat
GET T
LATES HE
T CO
OF OU PY
R
TEACH
-IN SE
RIES
AVAIL
AB
NOW! LE
HK7733 blue) and cut the lower skirt flange off with a hacksaw.
Finally, secure the lid in place using either the original
screws or nylon M4 screws, as mentioned previously. Attach
the rubber feet to the base using their sticky-back adhesive
if you are not using the nylon screws as feet.
Removing the knobs
The knobs may be difficult to remove by pulling; you may
need to lever them off. Insert a sheet of thin plastic between
the lever (eg, a flat-bladed screwdriver) and the case to prevent damage to the panel.
Using it
It’s basically just a matter of twiddling the controls until you
get the sound you want. The only control which is not externally accessible is trimpot VR4, so it’s a good idea to figure
out what you want to do with this before you close the case.
But note that the Pedal is designed so that you can drill a
hole in the base to externally adjust VR4 with a screwdriver.
We prefer to leave VR4 fully clockwise so that there is
a substantial limiting action when in boost. But you might
want to adjust VR4 so that the second distortion stage has
a similar effect to the first, and they combine more evenly
with the distortion control adjustments. It is a matter of
personal preference.
Many amplifiers for musical instruments have an earth
loop switch which allows the common shield connection
of the jack lead to either be earthed or floating. When used
with a guitar that has piezo pickups, you should get less
hum when it is connected to earth.
Oscilloscope screen grabs Scope1-Scope8 show how the
output waveform varies with a range of different control
settings. See those screen grabs for more details.
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