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Practical Electronics Editorial offices Electron Publishing (Aust.) Tel +61 2 9939 3295 Unit 1, 234 Harbord Road Email pe<at>pemag.au Brookvale NSW 2100 Web www.electronpublishing.com Australia Address mail to: Electron Publishing (Australia) PO Box 194, Matraville NSW 2036 Australia Advertising enquiries +61 2 9939 3295 pe<at>pemag.au Editor Nicholas Vinen Publisher Nicholas Vinen Digital subscriptions Stewart Kearn Tel 01202 880299 Online Editor Alan Winstanley Web Systems Kris Thain Production Bao Smith Technical staff Tim Blythman, John Clarke Print subscriptions Practical Electronics Subscriptions PO Box 6337 Bournemouth BH1 9EH Tel 01202 087631 United Kingdom Email pesubs<at>selectps.com Technical enquiries We regret that technical enquiries cannot be answered over the telephone. We are unable to offer any advice on the use, purchase, repair or modification of commercial equipment or the incorporation or modification of designs published in the magazine. Questions about articles or projects should be sent to the editor by email: pe<at>pemag.au Projects and circuits All reasonable precautions are taken to ensure that the advice and data given to readers is reliable. We cannot, however, guarantee it and we cannot accept legal responsibility for it. Some projects and circuits published in Practical Electronics employ voltages that can be lethal. Do not build, test, modify or fix any mains-powered equipment unless you fully understand the safety aspects involved and you use an RCD (GFCI) adaptor. Component supplies Silicon Chip Publications may offer kits or other parts for making our projects, but not in all cases. When kits are not available, readers will need to find and source parts themselves. We advise readers to check that all parts are still available before commencing any project in a back-dated issue. Advertisements Although the proprietors and staff of Practical Electronics take reasonable precautions to protect the interests of readers by ensuring as far as practicable that advertisements are bona fide, the magazine and its publishers cannot give any undertakings in respect of statements or claims made by advertisers, whether these advertisements are printed as part of the magazine, or in inserts. The Publishers regret that under no circumstances will the magazine accept liability for non-receipt of goods ordered, or for late delivery, or for faults in manufacture. Volume 53. No. 12 December 2024 ISSN 2632 573X Editorial Coming up next year I mentioned in the November editorial that we had no Audio Out column in that issue because Jake Rothman was a little too busy. I had hoped that he would be finished moving house by now and would be able to contribute a column (even a short one) for this issue, but he unfortunately wasn’t able to. I expect that Audio Out will be back soon, but I guess we’ll just have to wait until he is ready. Teach-In 2024 has also run its course now. Mike Tooley is keen to start another series, but he needs a little while to prepare it. I expect we will publish the first part just after the middle of next year. That leaves us with a bit of a vacuum in terms of articles from UK authors over the next couple of issues. We still have plenty of great content, it will just have to come mainly from our Silicon Chip writers for a few issues. I have been looking at PE columns that were popular in the past and have contacted some of the authors of those columns. I am pleased to say that at least one has indicated he wants to return to writing for PE. However, once again, that won’t happen straight away. Based on the author’s statements, I’m hoping that column will also return by around the middle of next year. This issue includes a fairly substantial article I wrote about capacitors. You might think that is a boring topic, but I feel that it turned out quite well, with a lot of useful information and helpful diagrams. We also have one more project article than usual this time. In other magazine-related news, Clive Maxfield has decided that his Arduino Bootcamp series has run its course after two years. He will continue to write under the heading of Cool Beans, but it will have a slightly different focus starting next month. I’m anticipating that his new series will retain the ‘hands on’ aspects of Cool Beans but with renewed vigour and focus. Nicholas Vinen, Electron Publishing (Australia)* Publisher & Editor, Practical Electronics Magazine * a division of Silicon Chip Publications Pty Ltd. Transmitters/bugs/telephone equipment We advise readers that certain items of radio transmitting and telephone equipment which may be advertised in our pages cannot be legally used in the UK. Readers should check the law before buying any transmitting or telephone equipment, as a fine, confiscation of equipment and/or imprisonment can result from illegal use or ownership. The laws vary from country to country; readers should check local laws. 2 Practical Electronics | December | 2024